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. 2021 Jul 24;10(8):1879. doi: 10.3390/cells10081879

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Dual role of NRF2 in cancer. NRF2 functions seem to be beneficial or prejudicial for tumorigenesis depending on the cancer stage. In early stages, NRF2 is protective in premalignant carcinogenesis and maintains redox cellular balance which assists in the detoxification process, DNA damage, cell-arrest, genome instability and immune surveillance (good side of NRF2 against cancer). However, prolonged or constitutive activation of NRF2 contributes to cancer progression and metastasis, since NRF2 favors tumor proliferation and survival, metabolic reprogramming, resistance to treatment and immune escape (bad side of NRF2).