Table 1.

Biological activities of each type of vitamin E.

Type of Vitamin E	Biological Activity	Study Model	References
α-tocopherol	Reduces astrocytosis and microglia activation	Cell rat hippocampus	Ambrogini et al. [86]
α-tocopherol	Inhibits Microglia Activation	Pheochromocytoma cell line: PC12 cells	Li et al. [96]
α-tocopheryl acetate	Increases microglial activation and RAGE expression	Astroglial cell of mice	Bialowas-McGoey et al. 2008 [97]
α-tocopherol	Blocks glutamate release	Sprague Dawley rats	Barger et al. 2007 [98]
α-tocopherol	Attenuates expression of COX-2 and the production of proinflammatory cytokines	Cell rat hippocampus	Annàhazi et al. 2007 [99]
α-tocopherol	Reduces proinflammatory cytokines and production of ROS	Primary glial cultures	Stolzing et al. [100]
α-tocopherol	Decreases lipid peroxidation and IL-6 secretion	BALB/c mice	Godbout et al., 2004 [101]
Tocotrienols	Prevents death of HT4 cells treated with glutamate	HT4 hippocampal neuronal cells	Sen et al., 2000 [102]
δ-tocotrienol	Reduces NO production and IL-1β expression, inhibits PGE2 expression	BV2 microglia cells	Tan et al., 2020 [103]
α-, γ- and δ-tocotrienol	Reduce NO release	BV2 microglia cells	Tan et al., 2011 [104]
α-tocopherol	Attenuates COX-2 protein synthesis	BV2 microglia cells	Egger et al. [105]
γ-Tocopherol	Inhibits cyclooxygenase activity and nitrite accumulation	Murine RAW264.7 macrophages	Jiang Q et al., 2000 [106]