Table 3.

Literacy measurements and tools used in the 18 studies reviewed.

Lead Author, Year	Type of Literacy Measured (Self-Reported)	Literacy Tool Used	Literacy Skills and Capacities Measured	Literacy Proficiency Measured (Based on MDFNL Model)
Amuta-Jimenez et al., 2018 [55]	Food label literacy	Modified Newest Vital Sign (NVS) Health Literacy Screener via Health Information National Trends Survey (mailed)	Ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value; use of calorie labels on menu.	Functional, Interactive
Chang et al., 2017 [56]	Nutrition literacy	USDA’s National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey	Knowledge of U.S. nutrition guidelines (MyPlate and MyPyramid); try to follow nutrition guideline recommendations; use of nutrition facts panel on food products.	Functional, Interactive
Coffman et al., 2012 [57]	Nutrition literacy; health literacy	Spanish Nutrition Literacy Scale; Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults; NVS Health Literacy Screener	Ability to correctly fill in blanks for food and diet recommendations and health implication statements; ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive
Gibbs et al., 2016 [58]	Nutrition literacy	Modified Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument	Ability to categorize foods based on dietary recommendations; ability to group foods; knowledge of macronutrients; ability to estimate portion size; ability to read food label and make calculations.	Functional, Interactive
Grutzmacher et al., 2020 [59]	Health literacy	Original and modified NVS Health Literacy Screener	Ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive
Jay et al., 2009 [60]	Food label use and understand-ing	Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (pre/post intervention)	Ability to interpret serving size, fat and nutrient levels, and percent daily values from food labels and compare across labels; confidence in nutrition knowledge.	Functional, Interactive
Jones and Adkins 2021 [61]	Nutrition literacy	Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument	Ability to categorize foods based on dietary recommendations; ability to group foods; knowledge of macronutrients; ability to estimate portion size; ability to read food label and make calculations.	Functional, Interactive
Moore et al., 2020 [62]	Nutrition literacy	Modified Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument	Ability to answer nutrition questions about energy sources (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats).	Functional, Interactive
Parekh et al., 2018 [63]	Nutrition literacy; health literacy	NVS Health Literacy Screener; Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument for Breast Cancer	Ability to categorize foods based on dietary recommendations; ability to group foods; knowledge of macronutrients; ability to estimate portion size; ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive
Persoskie et al., 2017 [64]	Health literacy	NVS Health Literacy Screener, shortened version (mailed)	Ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive
Rhea et al., 2020 [65]	Food literacy	Eating and Food Literacy Behaviors Questionnaire (pre/post program)	Self-reported purchase and consumption of healthy foods and balanced meals; meal preparation and planning behaviors; use of nutrition information before purchase; use of recipes when preparing meals; food preferences (convenience, taste).	Functional, Interactive
Rosenbaum et al., 2018 [66]	Nutrition literacy	NVS Health Literacy Screener at baseline	Ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive
Rothman et al. 2006 [67]	Health literacy	Nutrition Label Survey; Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine; Wide Range Achievement Test, third ed.	Ability to read food label; ability to use food label to calculate various quantities and values, such as nutrient content; ability to compare nutrient contents between two food items.	Functional, Interactive
Speirs et al., 2012 [68]	Health literacy	NVS Health Literacy Screener	Ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive
Taylor et al., 2019 [69]	Nutrition literacy	Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument	Ability to categorize foods based on dietary recommendations; ability to group foods; knowledge of macronutrients; ability to estimate portion size; ability to read food label and make calculations.	Functional, Interactive
Tucker et al., 2019 [70]	Nutrition label health literacy	NVS Health Literacy Screener	Ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive
Zoellner et al., 2009 [71]	Nutrition literacy	NVS Health Literacy Screener; Health Information National Trends Survey-Adapted	Ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value; use of communication channels for nutrition, food, or diet information; awareness and self-reported knowledge of national dietary guidelines.	Functional, Interactive
Zoellner et al., 2011 [72]	Health literacy	NVS Health Literacy Screener	Ability to read food label and ingredients; ability to use food label to calculate calories, specific nutrients, fat intake, and percent daily value.	Functional, Interactive

Newest Vital Sign (NVS).