Table 3.
Hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR) of included studies sorted by adjustment factors in meta-analysis with subgroup as periodontal condition.
| Reference | Subgroup | HR/RR | CI | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DeStefano et al, 1993 | Gingivitis | 1.05 | 0.88–1.26 | Age, sex, race, education, poverty, alcohol, systolic blood pressure, marital status, BMI, smoking, physical activity, and cholesterol |
| PD | 1.25 | 1.06–1.48 | ||
| Edentulous | 1.23 | 1.05–1.44 | ||
| Joshipura et al, 1996 | PD | 1.04 | 0.97–1.25 | Age and smoking |
| 1.04 | 0.86–1.25 | Multivariate# | ||
| Morrison et al, 1999 | Mild gingivitis | 1.45 | 0.85–2.48 | Age and sex |
| Severe gingivitis | 1.82 | 1.09–3.06 | ||
| PD | 1.31 | 0.78–2.19 | ||
| Edentulous | 1.89 | 1.18–3.04 | Serum total cholesterol, diabetes status, smoking status, province of residence, hypertensive status, age and sex | |
| Mild gingivitis | 1.54 | 0.89–2.67 | ||
| Severe gingivitis | 2.15 | 1.25–3.72 | ||
| PD | 1.37 | 0.8–2.35 | ||
| Edentulous | 1.9 | 1.17–3.1 | ||
| Hujoel et al, 2000 | Gingivitis | 0.99 | 0.77–1.28 | Age, age squared, sex, race, education, poverty Index, marital status, interaction term for marital status and sex |
| 1.02 | 0.88–1.18 | |||
| PD | 1.28 | 1.02–1.61 | ||
| 1.24 | 1.08–1.43 | |||
| Gingivitis | 1.17 | 0.84–1.61 | Multivariate$ | |
| 1.05 | 0.88–1.26 | |||
| PD | 1.20 | 0.9–1.61 | ||
| 1.14 | 0.96–1.36 | |||
| Wu et al, 2000 | Gingivitis | 1.03 | 0.87–1.21 | several well-established CVD risk factors and demographic variables |
| PD | 1.14 | 0.98–1.34 | ||
| Edentulous | 1.13 | 0.98–1.32 | ||
| Howell et al, 2001 | PD | 1.01 | 0.87–1.17 | Age, aspirin, cigarette, smoking, alcohol, history of hypertension, BMI, diabetes, physical activity, history of MI and angina* |
| Mucci et al, 2009 | PD | 1.4 | 1.1–1.6 | Age, sex, education, smoking, diabetes, number of siblings, hypertension, and BMI |
| Holmlund et al, 2010 | Moderate PD | 0.73 | 0.26–2.01 | Age, gender, smoking |
| severe PD | 0.78 | 0.27–2.21 | ||
| Noguchi et al, 2014 | PD | 2.51 | 0.95–6.62 | Age |
| 2.26 | 0.84–6.02 | Age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and BMI | ||
| Yu et al, 2015 | PD | 1.34 | 1.12–1.62 | Age |
| 1.35 | 1.05–1.73 | Multivariate& |
The multivariate model includes age (continuous); body mass index (BMI) (5 categories); exercise (5 categories); smoking habits (current smoker [number of cigarettes smoked: 1–14, 15–24, 25+], former smoker, or never smoked); alcohol consumption (7 categories); family history of myocardial infarction (MI) before 60 years of age; vitamin E (5 categories).
Multivariate model includes demographics and socioeconomic status: age, sex, race, poverty index, and cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, cigarettes, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, height, physical activity).
Age (years), aspirin and beta-carotene treatment assignment, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, history of hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥95 mmHg or history of treatment for high blood pressure), BMI, reported history of diabetes, physical activity (reported vigorous exercise once per week or more), parental history of myocardial infarction (MI) and history of angina.
Multivariate model includes age, race/ethnicity, BMI, education, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, family history of MI, physical activities, and C-reactive protein.
BMI – body mass index; HR/RR – hazard ratio/relative risk; CI – confidence interval; MI – myocardial infarction.