Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review
|
Ref.
|
Population (No total, No male, No subgroups, age ± SD of the subgroups)
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Type of treatment
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Protocol (type, Hz, No pulses/session, RMT, coil type, target area, treatment duration)
|
Mood Disorder Sub-type
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Reported adverse events (yes, no, NS)
|
HMS (No tot)
|
Drop out due to HMS
|
| Trevizol et al[53], 2019-A | Active TMS, No = 20, age = 66.8 ± 5.8 (M = 13). Sham = 12, age = 64.1 ± 3.7 (M = 3) | Only TMS | rTMS, 1 Hz, 465 impulse/session, 120% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, RDLPFC, 15 session AND rTMS, 10 Hz, 750 impulse/session, 120% RMT, B-65figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 15 session | Late-life TRD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Trevizol et al[53], 2019-B | Active TMS, No = 11, age = 66.1 ± 8.5 (M = 4). Sham = 12, age = 64.1 ± 3.7 (M = 3) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 1450 impulse/session, 120% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 15 session | Late-life TRD | Yes (TMS, No = 2; SHAM, No = 0) | 1 | no |
| Rao et al[65], 2019 | Active TMS, No = 13, age = 39.8 ± 14.2 (M = 5). Sham = 17, age = 40.2 ± 14.6 (M = 11) | Only TMS | rTMS, 1 Hz, 12000 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, RDLPFC, 20 session | MDE after traumatic Brain Injury | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Matsuda et al[64], 2020 | Active TMS, No = 20, age = 43.4 ± 5.5 (M = 18). Sham = 20, age = 45.2 ± 7 (M = 19) | Only TMS | dTMS, 18 Hz, 1980 impulse/session, 120% RMT, H1 coil, LDLPFC, 30 session | Depression NS | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Li et al[59], 2020-A | Active TMS, No = 35, age = 47.1 ± 13.8 (M = 11). Sham = 35, age = 47.1 ± 12.4 (M = 11) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 1600 impulse/session, 100% RMT, figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | Recurrent major depression | Yes (TMS, No = 12; SHAM, No = 8) | 0 | no |
| Li et al[59], 2020-B | Active TMS, No = 35, age = 47.1 ± 14.2 (M = 12). Sham = 35, age = 47.1 ± 12.4 (M = 11) | Only TMS | piTMS, 50 Hz, 1800 impulse/session, 80% RMT, figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | Recurrent major depression | Yes (TMS, No = 9; SHAM, No = 8) | 0 | no |
| Bulteau et al[56], 2019 | Active TMS, No = 12, age = 52.7 (M = 5). Sham = 14, age = 53.1 (M = 10) | Only TMS | iTBS, 50 Hz, 990 impulse/session, 80% RMT, figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 15 session | BD | No | 0 | no |
| Siddiqi et al[63], 2019 | Active TMS, No = 9, age = 43 ± 13 (M = 7). Sham = 6, age = 50 ± 18 (M = 4) | Only TMS | Bilateral rTMS, 10 Hz, 4000 impulse/session, 120% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., LDLPFC, 25 session AND Bilateral rTMS, 1 Hz, 1000 impulse/session, 120% RMT, B-65figure-8 coil, RDLPFC, 25 session | MDE after traumatic Brain Injury | Yes (TMS, No = 9; SHAM, No = 0) | 0 | no |
| Kaster et al[52], 2018 | Active TMS, No = 25, age = 65.0 ± 5.5 (M = 17). Sham=27, age = 65.4 ± 5.5 (M = 15) | Only TMS | rTMS, 18 Hz, 6012 impulse/session, 120% RMT, H1 coil, LDLPFC, 20 session | Late-life MDE | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 1 | no |
| Xie et al[57], 2015 | Active TMS, No = 35, age=65.3 ± 5.1 (M = 12). Sham = 26, age = 64.7 ± 4.2 (M = 8) | rTMS + shuganjieyu | rTMS, 10 Hz, NS impulse/session, 30% RMT, B-65NS coil, LDLPFC, 5 session | MDD | Yes (TMS, No = 14; SHAM, No = 13) | 0 | no |
| Levkovitz et al[58], 2015 | Active TMS, No = 101, age = 45.1 ± 11.7 (M = 53). Sham = 111, age = 47.6 ± 11.6 (M = 58) | Only TMS | dTMS, 18 Hz, 1980 impulse/session, 120% RMT, H1 coil, LDLPFC, 20 session | MDD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Kreuzer et al[42], 2015-A | Active TMS, No = 13, age = 43.5 ± 10.3 (M = 8). Sham = 12, age = 43.8 ± 10.5 (M = 4) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 2000 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 double cone coil, Anterior Cingulate, 15 session | MDE | Yes (TMS, No = 7; SHAM, No = 8) | 0 | no |
| Kreuzer et al[42], 2015-B | Active TMS, No = 15, age = 46.1 ± 9.5 (M = 7). Sham = 12, age = 43.8 ± 10.5 (M = 4) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 2000 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., LDLPFC, 15 session | MDE | Yes (TMS, No = 4; SHAM, No = 8) | 0 | no |
| George et al[62], 2014 | Active TMS, No = 20, age=38.7 ± 15 (M = 18). Sham = 21, age = 46.1 ± 15.9 (M = 17) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 6000 impulse/session, 120% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., LDLPFC, 9 session | MDE | Yes (TMS, No = 7; SHAM, No = 6) | 0 | no |
| Lingeswaran[51], 2011 | Active TMS, No = 9, age = 34 ± 10.5 (M = 3). Sham = 14, age = 37.26 ± 11.8 NS (M = 6) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 500 impulse/session, 100% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | MDE | No | 0 | no |
| Pallanti et al[54], 2010-A | Active TMS, No = 20, age=47.6 ± 12.33, (M = 9). Sham = 20, age = 47.85 ± 9.12 (M = 8) | Only TMS | Bilateral rTMS, 1 Hz, 420 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., RDLPFC, 15 session AND rTMS, 10 Hz, 1000 impulse/session, 100% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., LDLPFC, 15 session | TRD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Pallanti et al[54], 2010-B | Active TMS, No = 20, age = 51.2 ± 12.33, (M = 8). Sham = 20, age = 47.85 ± 9.12 (M = 8) | TMS + placebo | rTMS, 1 Hz, 420 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., RDLPFC, 15 session | TRD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Fitzgerald[55], 2008 | Active TMS, No = 30, age = 45.7 ± 10.8 (M = 10). Sham = 28, age = 44.8 ± 11.4 (M = 15) | Only TMS | LF rTMS, 1 Hz, 900 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., rDLPFC, 10 session | Depression NS | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Fitzgerald et al[44], 2007 | Active TMS, No = 25, age = 46.8 ± 10.7 (M = 10). Sham = 25, age = 43.7 ± 10.2 (M = 9) | Only TMS | Bilateral rTMS, 10 Hz, 750 impulse/session, 100% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., LDLPFC, 30 session AND Bilateral rTMS, 1 Hz, 420 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., RDLPFC, 30 session | TRD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| O’Reardon et al[50], 2007 | Active TMS, No = 155, age = 47.9 ± 11 (M = 69). Sham = 146, age = 48.7 ± 10.6 (M = 72) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 3000 impulse/session, 120% NS coil, LDLPFC, 25 session | MDE | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Fitzgerald et al[43], 2006 | Active TMS, No = 25, age = 46.8 ± 10.7 (M = 10). Sham = 25, age = 43.7 ± 10.2 (M = 9) | Only TMS | Bilateral rTMS, 10 Hz, 750 impulse/session, 100% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., LDLPFC, 30 session AND Bilateral rTMS, 1 Hz, 420 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65figure-8 coil., RDLPFC, 30 session | TRD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Rumi et al[48], 2005 | Active TMS, No = 22, age = 39.3 ± 12.8 (M = 3). Sham = 24, age = 38.9 ± 8.8 (M = 4) | TMS + Amitriptyline | rTMS, 5 Hz, 1250 impulse/session, 120% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 20 session | MDE | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Boggio et al[49], 2005 | Active TMS, No = NS, age = NS (M = NS). Sham = NS, age = NS, (M = NS) | TMS + fluoxetine+ placebo | rTMS, 15 Hz, 3000 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | MDE in Parkinson’s disease | No | 0 | 0 |
| Poulet et al[46], 2004 | Active TMS, No = NS, age=NS (M = NS). Sham = NS, age = NS (M = NS) | TMS + paroxetine | rTMS, 10 Hz, 400 impulse/session, 80% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | MDE | No | 0 | no |
| Mosimann et al[47], 2004 | Active TMS, No = 15, age = 60 ± 13.4 (M = 10). Sham = 9, age = 64.4 ± 13 (M = 5) | Only TMS | rTMS, 20 Hz, 1600 impulse/session, 100% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | MDE | Yes (TMS, No = 7; SHAM, No = 5) | 1 | no |
| Hansen et al[45], 2004 | Active TMS, No = 6, age = 42.5 (M = 4). Sham = 7, age = 46, (M = 5) | TMS + antidepressant | rTMS, 10 Hz, 2000 impulse/session, 90% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | MDE | No | 0 | no |
| Nahas et al[41], 2003 | Active TMS, No = 11, age = 42.4 ± 7.3 (M = 4). Sham = 12, age = 43.4 ± 9.3 (M = 5) | Only TMS | rTMS, 5 Hz, 1600 impulse/session, 110% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 10 session | BD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | no | |
| Fitzgerald et al[66], 2003-A | Active TMS, No = 20, age = 42.4 ± 9.8 (M = 12). Sham = 20, age = 49C.15 ± 14.243 (M = 9) | Only TMS | rTMS, 1 Hz, 300 impulse/session, 100% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, RDLPFC, 10 session | BD,MDE, TRD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 0 | no |
| Fitzgerald et al[66], 2003-B | Active TMS, No = 20, age = 45.55 ± 11.49 (M = 13). Sham = 20, age = 49.15 ± 14.243 (M = 9) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 1000 impulse/session, 100% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil., LDLPFC, 10 session | BD,MDE, TRD | No (light and not worth mentioning) | 1 | no |
| Pascual-Leone et al[60], 1996 | Active TMS, No = 17, age = 48.6 ± NS (M = 6). Sham = 17, age = 48.6 ± NS (M = 6) | Only TMS | rTMS, 10 Hz, 2000 impulse/session, 90% RMT, B-65 figure-8 coil, LDLPFC, 5 session | Psychotic depression | Yes (TMS, No = 7; SHAM, No = 7) | 0 | no |
SD: Standard deviation; RMT: Resting motor thresholds; HMS: Hypomanic/manic switch; TMS: Transcranial magnetic stimulation; rTMS: Repetitive TMS; RDLPFC: Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; LDLPFC: Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; TRD: Treatment resistant depression; MDE: Major depressive episode; dTMS: Deep TMS; piTBS: Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation; iTBS: Intermittent theta-burst stimulation; BD: Bipolar depression; MDD: Major depressive disorder.