Table 2.
Effect of changes in oral health-related knowledge, attitude toward periodontal health, and oral self-care behaviors at different stages (at baseline and at 1-month, 3-month and 6-month follow-up) by group among patients with T2DM.
| EG (n = 35) | CG (n = 33) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diff ± SD † | Diff ± SD † | Effect Size d | β/aOR | (95% CI) | |||
| Oral health-related knowledge (0–13) | |||||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | 5.6 ± 2.8 | 0.9 ± 2.4 | 1.82 | 4.5 | (3.42, 5.54) | ||
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | 5.8 ± 2.8 | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 1.36 | 3.4 | (2.05, 4.66) | ||
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | 6.1 ± 2.7 | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 1.44 | 3.5 | (2.04, 4.89) | ||
| Effect size a | 2.02 | 0.39 | |||||
| Effect size b | 2.09 | 0.85 | |||||
| Effect size c | 2.25 | 0.98 | |||||
| Attitude toward periodontal health (7–35) | |||||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | 4.8 ± 3.5 | 1.5 ± 2.9 | 1.02 | 3.2 | (1.58, 4.75) | ||
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | 5.4 ± 3.9 | 1.7 ± 3.0 | 1.05 | 3.6 | (1.66, 5.45) | ||
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | 5.7 ± 3.7 | 2.8 ± 3.8 | 0.79 | 3.0 | (1.01, 5.08) | ||
| Effect size a | 1.40 | 0.52 | |||||
| Effect size b | 1.39 | 0.57 | |||||
| Effect size c | 1.55 | 0.73 | |||||
| Oral self–care behaviors | |||||||
| Use modified Bass brushing technique (n, %) ‡ | |||||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | 23 | 65.7 | 7 | 21.2 | 12.2 | (2.31, 64.98) | |
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | 23 | 67.7 | 15 | 45.5 | 11.6 | (1.15, 116.64) | |
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | 20 | 62.5 | 13 | 40.6 | 7.2 | (0.98, 53.32) | |
| Use interdental brush (n, %) ‡ | |||||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | 19 | 54.3 | 8 | 24.2 | 4.1 | (1.02, 16.29) | |
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | 18 | 52.9 | 11 | 33.3 | 1.9 | (0.36, 9.90) | |
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | 14 | 43.8 | 10 | 31.3 | 1.2 | (0.20, 6.98) | |
Time (second): 1-month follow-up; Time (third): 3-month follow-up; Time (fourth): 6-month follow-up; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. † Difference between baseline and follow-up within group. ‡ Number of positive behavioral changes between baseline and follow-up within group. a Effect size calculated as mean difference between baseline and 1-month follow-up. b Effect size calculated as mean difference between baseline and 3-month follow-up. c Effect size calculated as mean difference between baseline and 6-month follow-up. d Effect size calculated as mean difference of change between baseline and follow-up measurements between EG and CG. β/aOR (95% CI): adjusted for age, gender, education level, BMI, and duration of diabetes in linear or logistic regression using generalized estimating equations (GEEs); Reference: Control group × Time (baseline).