Table 3.
Effect of changes in periodontal parameters at different stages (at baseline and at 1-month, 3-month and 6-month follow-up) by group among patients with T2DM.
| EG (n = 35) | CG (n = 33) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diff ± SD † | Diff ± SD † | Effect Size d | β | (95% CI) | |
| PPD | |||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | −0.5 ± 0.4 | −0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.61 | −0.2 | (−0.41, −0.08) |
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | −0.5 ± 0.5 | −0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.22 | −0.1 | (−0.34, 0.07) |
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | −0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.18 | −0.1 | (−0.36, 0.11) |
| Effect size a | 1.19 | 0.73 | |||
| Effect size b | 0.94 | 0.85 | |||
| Effect size c | 0.80 | 0.67 | |||
| CAL | |||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | −0.4 ± 0.4 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.59 | −0.2 | (−0.39, −0.06) |
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | −0.3 ± 0.4 | −0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.14 | −0.1 | (−0.30, 0.14) |
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | −0.3 ± 0.5 | −0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.15 | −0.1 | (−0.37, 0.16) |
| Effect size a | 0.89 | 0.41 | |||
| Effect size b | 0.69 | 0.55 | |||
| Effect size c | 0.59 | 0.43 | |||
| GI | |||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | −0.8 ± 0.5 | −0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.01 | 0.0 | (−0.27, 0.30) |
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | −0.9 ± 0.7 | −1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.30 | 0.2 | (−0.16, 0.50) |
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | −0.8 ± 0.8 | −1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.22 | 0.2 | (−0.17, 0.51) |
| Effect size a | 1.56 | 1.05 | |||
| Effect size b | 1.24 | 1.67 | |||
| Effect size c | 1.03 | 1.22 | |||
| PI | |||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | −0.6 ± 0.6 | −0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.24 | 0.2 | (−0.12, 0.46) |
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | −0.7 ± 0.7 | −1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.44 | 0.3 | (−0.04, 0.63) |
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | −0.7 ± 0.7 | −1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.32 | 0.2 | (−0.14, 0.58) |
| Effect size a | 1.07 | 0.98 | |||
| Effect size b | 0.93 | 1.17 | |||
| Effect size c | 0.92 | 1.17 | |||
| BOP (%) | |||||
| Group (EG) × Time (second) | −26.5 ± 19.5 | −20.5 ± 26.0 | 0.26 | −5.7 | (−15.98, 3.88) |
| Group (EG) × Time (third) | −29.5 ± 23.0 | −28.7 ± 26.4 | 0.03 | −1.6 | (−12.66, 9.47) |
| Group (EG) × Time (fourth) | −30.4 ± 26.9 | −26.1 ± 29.8 | 0.15 | −0.3 | (−12.04, 11.35) |
| Effect size a | 1.36 | 0.79 | |||
| Effect size b | 1.28 | 1.09 | |||
| Effect size c | 1.13 | 0.88 |
Time (second): 1-month follow-up; Time (third): 3-month follow-up; Time (fourth): 6-month follow-up; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. † Difference between baseline and follow-up within group. a Effect size calculated as mean difference between baseline and 1-month follow-up. b Effect size calculated as mean difference between baseline and 3-month follow-up. c Effect size calculated as mean difference between baseline and 6-month follow-up. d Effect size calculated as mean difference of change between baseline and follow-up measurements between EG and CG. Β (95% CI): adjusted for age, gender, education level, BMI, and duration of diabetes in linear regression using generalized estimating equations (GEEs); Reference: Control group × Time (baseline).