Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by type of KRT
| Type of KRT |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 1670) | KT (n = 496) | HD (n = 1174) | P-value |
| Sex (male), % | 62 | 59 | 63 | 0.16 |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 63 ± 15 | 56 ± 14 | 66 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.6 ± 5.5 | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 26.6 ± 5.7 | 0.34 |
| Race, % | 0.24 | |||
| Asian | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| Black or African descent | 6 | 7 | 5 | |
| White or Caucasian | 85 | 85 | 85 | |
| Other or unknown | 6 | 5 | 7 | |
| Tobacco use, % | 0.03 | |||
| Current | 7 | 5 | 8 | |
| Prior | 24 | 20 | 25 | |
| Never | 46 | 50 | 45 | |
| Unknown | 23 | 25 | 22 | |
| Clinical frailty score (AU), mean ± SD | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 3.9 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||
| Obesity | 22 | 23 | 22 | 0.69 |
| Hypertension | 84 | 86 | 83 | 0.14 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39 | 29 | 43 | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 29 | 17 | 35 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 21 | 8 | 26 | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 13 | 9 | 15 | 0.003 |
| Active malignancy | 6 | 5 | 7 | 0.12 |
| Autoimmune disease | 4 | 5 | 4 | 0.73 |
| Primary kidney disease, % | ||||
| Primary glomerulonephritis | 18 | 20 | 17 | 0.14 |
| Pyelonephritis | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0.003 |
| Interstitial nephritis | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0.37 |
| Hereditary kidney disease | 9 | 14 | 7 | <0.001 |
| Congenital diseases | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0.002 |
| Vascular diseases | 12 | 8 | 14 | 0.001 |
| Secondary glomerular disease | 5 | 4 | 6 | 0.05 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 21 | 9 | 26 | <0.001 |
| Other | 17 | 16 | 17 | 0.70 |
| Unknown | 11 | 18 | 8 | <0.001 |
| Residual diuresis ≥200 mL/day, % | 32 | – | 32 | – |
| Transplant waiting list status, % | – | |||
| Active on waiting list | 10 | NA | 10 | – |
| In preparation | 10 | NA | 10 | – |
| Temporarily not on list | 9 | NA | 9 | – |
| Not transplantable | 67 | NA | 67 | – |
| Unknown | 4 | NA | 4 | – |
| Time since transplantation (years), % | – | |||
| <1 | 6 | 6 | NA | – |
| 1–5 | 31 | 31 | NA | – |
| >5 | 63 | 63 | NA | – |
| Medication | ||||
| Use of RAAS inhibition, % | ||||
| ACE inhibitors | 16 | 24 | 14 | <0.001 |
| ARB | 15 | 20 | 12 | <0.001 |
| Use of immunosuppressive medication, % | ||||
| Prednisone | 31 | 87 | 7 | <0.001 |
| Tacrolimus | 24 | 79 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Cyclosporine | 3 | 10 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Mycophenolate | 21 | 70 | 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Azathioprine | 2 | 6 | 0.3 | <0.001 |
| mTOR inhibitor | 4 | 12 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Disease characteristics | ||||
| Reason for COVID-19 screening, % | <0.001 | |||
| Symptoms | 69 | 85 | 61 | – |
| Due to contact | 23 | 12 | 28 | – |
| Routine | 8 | 3 | 11 | – |
| Presenting symptoms, % | ||||
| Sore throat | 13 | 16 | 12 | 0.02 |
| Cough | 52 | 63 | 47 | <0.001 |
| Shortness of breath | 35 | 41 | 33 | 0.002 |
| Fever | 60 | 70 | 56 | <0.001 |
| Headache | 12 | 19 | 9 | <0.001 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 11 | 15 | 9 | <0.001 |
| Diarrhoea | 16 | 28 | 11 | <0.001 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 24 | 34 | 20 | <0.001 |
| Vital signs, mean ± SD | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 37.5 ± 1.1 | 37.6 ± 1.1 | 37.4 ± 1.0 | 0.01 |
| Respiration rate/min | 19 ± 6 | 21 ± 7 | 19 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| O2 saturation room air (%) | 94 ± 6 | 94 ± 7 | 94 ± 5 | 0.41 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135 ± 24 | 132 ± 22 | 136 ± 25 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76 ± 15 | 78 ± 14 | 75 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 83 ± 16 | 87 ± 17 | 82 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Creatinine increase (>25%), % | – | 26 | – | – |
| Lymphocytes (×1000/µL), median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.52 |
| CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 25 (6–76) | 40 (8–88) | 22 (6–67) | 0.001 |
KT/dialysis groups were compared using one-wayanalysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test or chi-square test as appropriate. Obesity is defined as BMI >30 kg/m2. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure.