Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population by reason for COVID-19 screening and type of KRT, i.e. KT or HD
| Symptoms (n = 1145) |
Contact/routine screening(n = 525) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | KT [37% (n = 424)] | HD [63% (n = 721)] | P-value | KT [14% (n = 72)] | HD [86% (n = 453)] | P-value |
| Sex (male), % | 58 | 64 | 0.03 | 68 | 61 | 0.25 |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 57 ± 14 | 68 ± 15 | <0.001 | 56 ± 15 | 64 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.9 ± 4.9 | 26.9 ± 6.2 | 0.99 | 26.4 ± 5.6 | 26.0 ± 4.8 | 0.48 |
| Race, % | 0.31 | 0.76 | ||||
| Asian | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Black or African descent | 7 | 6 | 7 | 5 | ||
| White or Caucasian | 85 | 84 | 85 | 87 | ||
| Other or unknown | 4 | 7 | 7 | 6 | ||
| Tobacco use, % | 0.01 | 0.53 | ||||
| Current | 5 | 7 | 6 | 10 | ||
| Prior | 20 | 26 | 21 | 23 | ||
| Never | 50 | 41 | 51 | 50 | ||
| Unknown | 25 | 25 | 22 | 17 | ||
| Clinical frailty score (AU), mean ± SD | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.7 | 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||||
| Obesity | 23 | 25 | 0.53 | 22 | 17 | 0.35 |
| Hypertension | 86 | 83 | 0.18 | 83 | 82 | 0.84 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 28 | 47 | <0.001 | 32 | 36 | 0.55 |
| Coronary artery disease | 17 | 39 | <0.001 | 17 | 29 | 0.03 |
| Heart failure | 8 | 28 | <0.001 | 10 | 22 | 0.02 |
| Chronic lung disease | 10 | 16 | 0.002 | 7 | 12 | 0.20 |
| Active malignancy | 4 | 8 | 0.02 | 8 | 5 | 0.26 |
| Autoimmune disease | 5 | 4 | 0.53 | 3 | 4 | 0.52 |
| Primary kidney disease, % | ||||||
| Primary glomerulonephritis | 20 | 9 | <0.001 | 22 | 29 | 0.23 |
| Pyelonephritis | 4 | 2 | 0.06 | 3 | 1 | 0.04 |
| Interstitial nephritis | 4 | 3 | 0.58 | 3 | 2 | 0.78 |
| Hereditary kidney disease | 13 | 6 | <0.001 | 18 | 7 | 0.003 |
| Congenital diseases | 4 | 1 | 0.001 | 4 | 2 | 0.33 |
| Vascular diseases | 8 | 15 | <0.001 | 10 | 13 | 0.50 |
| Secondary glomerular disease | 3 | 6 | 0.05 | 6 | 6 | 0.88 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 8 | 25 | <0.001 | 15 | 28 | 0.03 |
| Other | 18 | 25 | 0.01 | 6 | 4 | 0.62 |
| Unknown | 18 | 7 | <0.001 | 14 | 8 | 0.12 |
| Residual diuresis ≥200 mL/day, % | NA | 30 | – | NA | 35 | – |
| Transplant waiting list status, % | – | – | ||||
| Active on waiting list | NA | 11 | – | NA | 9 | – |
| In preparation | NA | 12 | – | NA | 9 | – |
| Temporarily not on list | NA | 7 | – | NA | 11 | – |
| Not transplantable | NA | 68 | – | NA | 65 | – |
| Unknown | NA | 3 | – | NA | 6 | – |
| Time since transplantation (years), % | – | – | ||||
| <1 | 5 | NA | – | 14 | NA | – |
| 1–5 | 32 | NA | – | 31 | NA | – |
| >5 | 64 | NA | – | 56 | NA | – |
| Medication use | ||||||
| Use of RAAS inhibition, % | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors | 24 | 12 | <0.001 | 24 | 14 | 0.05 |
| ARB | 20 | 15 | 0.01 | 22 | 8 | <0.001 |
| Use of immunosuppressive medication, % | ||||||
| Prednisone | 88 | 9 | <0.001 | 82 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Tacrolimus | 78 | 2 | <0.001 | 88 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Cyclosporine | 11 | 1 | <0.001 | 3 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Mycophenolate | 70 | 1 | <0.001 | 69 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Azathioprine | 6 | 0.1 | <0.001 | 3 | 1 | 0.09 |
| mTOR inhibitor | 13 | 0.1 | <0.001 | 10 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Disease-related characteristics | ||||||
| Presenting symptoms, % | ||||||
| Sore throat | 17 | 16 | 0.70 | 15 | 6 | 0.01 |
| Cough | 68 | 61 | 0.03 | 36 | 25 | 0.07 |
| Shortness of breath | 44 | 41 | 0.23 | 19 | 20 | 0.80 |
| Fever | 74 | 69 | 0.09 | 48 | 36 | 0.06 |
| Headache | 20 | 9 | <0.001 | 13 | 10 | 0.32 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 17 | 13 | 0.05 | 3 | 3 | 0.91 |
| Diarrhoea | 29 | 14 | <0.001 | 25 | 7 | <0.001 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 36 | 23 | <0.001 | 18 | 14 | 0.40 |
| Vital signs, mean ± SD | ||||||
| Temperature (°C) | 37.6 ± 1.1 | 37.7 ± 1.0 | 0.20 | 37.2 ± 0.9 | 37.0 ± 1.0 | 0.17 |
| Respiration rate/min | 21 ± 7 | 20 ± 5 | <0.001 | 17 ± 4 | 18 ± 3 | 0.23 |
| O2 saturation room air, % | 94 ± 7 | 93 ± 6 | 0.02 | 96 ± 4 | 95 ± 4 | 0.37 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131 ± 21 | 136 ± 26 | 0.02 | 133 ± 23 | 136 ± 23 | 0.38 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79 ± 14 | 73 ± 15 | <0.001 | 76 ± 15 | 77 ± 14 | 0.59 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 88 ± 17 | 83 ± 17 | <0.001 | 82 ± 14 | 80 ± 12 | 0.37 |
| Laboratory test results | ||||||
| Creatinine increase (>25%), % | 27 | – | – | 15 | – | – |
| Lymphocytes (×1000/µL), mendian (IQR) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.20 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.38 |
| CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 45 (10–91) | 30 (10–94) | 0.35 | 10 (3–39) | 12 (3–37) | 0.83 |
KT/dialysis groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test or chi-square test as appropriate. Obesity is defined as BMI >30 kg/m2. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.