Table A1.
Treatments mainly acting on immune dysreactivity and inflammatory response.
| Treatment | Posology | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Topical treatments | ||
| Topical Corticosteroids - Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% Ointment or Cream - Mometasone Furoate 0.1% Ointment or Cream |
Once or twice a day for 12 weeks | - first line treatment in the active phase - anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity - effectiveness on both symptoms and objective features - tachyphylaxis and dose-dependent side effects may be avoided by tapering regimens - ointment formulation seems to be more effective in comparison with cream - intralesional corticosteroid injection in recalcitrant forms - long-term maintenance treatment (reactive, continuative or proactive regimens) |
| Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors - Tacrolimus 0.1% Ointment - Pimecrolimus 1% Cream |
Twice a day for 8 to 24 weeks | - second-line choice with lower effectiveness than ultra-potent corticosteroid - immunosuppressive activity - effectiveness on both symptoms and objective features - possible transient burning sensation during the first weeks of treatment |
| Calcipotriol 0.005% Ointment | Once to twice a day for 16 weeks | - inhibition of inflammatory response - attenuation of abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation - effectiveness on symptoms - alternative to standard treatment (weak evidence) |
| Oxatomide 5% gel | Twice a day for periods of 14-days | - antihistamine and anti-inflammatory properties - effectiveness on both symptoms and objective features - alternative to standard treatment (weak evidence) |
| Human Fibroblast Lysate Cream | Twice daily for 12 weeks | - presence of anti-inflammatory cytokines and wound-healing grow factors - no more effective than placebo |
| Systemic treatments | ||
| Oral Cyclosporine | 3–4 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks | - immunosuppressive effect - regression of symptoms and improvement of clinical features in resistant case - weak evidence |
| Oral or Subcutaneous Metothrexate | 10 to 15 mg/week | - immunosuppressive effect - regression of symptoms and improvement of clinical features in resistant case - weak evidence |
| Baricitinib | - inhibition of JAK 1/2 - anecdotal reports |
|