Table 2.
Weighted prevalence of social isolation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic by sociodemographic characteristics.
| Variable | Category | % | Before (January 2020)% (95% CI) | During (August 2020)% (95% CI) | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage Points (95% CI) | p | |||||
| Marital Status | Married | 59.0 | 18.9 (18.3–19.6) | 26.3 (25.6–27.0) | 7.4 (6.9–7.9) | <0.001 |
| Not married | 41.0 | 24.5 (23.7–25.4) | 30.1 (29.2–31.0) | 5.6 (5.0–6.2) | ||
| Household composition | Living alone | 19.8 | 21.5 (20.4–22.7) | 26.8 (25.6–28.1) | 5.3 (4.5–6.1) | 0.001 |
| Cohabiting | 80.2 | 21.2 (20.6–21.7) | 28.1 (27.5–28.7) | 6.9 (6.5–7.4) | ||
| Education | Junior high school graduate | 1.7 | 35.4 (30.9–39.9) | 39.6 (35.0–44.2) | 4.2 (1.3–7.1) | 0.303 |
| High school graduate | 28.9 | 24.2 (23.2–25.2) | 30.9 (29.9–32.0) | 6.7 (6.0–7.4) | ||
| Junior/vocational college graduate | 22.0 | 19.2 (18.2–20.2) | 26.2 (25.0–27.3) | 7.0 (6.2–7.8) | ||
| University/graduate school graduate | 47.4 | 19.8 (19.1–20.5) | 26.3 (25.6–27.1) | 6.5 (6.0–7.1) | ||
| Annual household income | ≤2.9 million yen | 18.7 | 25.8 (24.5–27.0) | 32.2 (30.9–33.5) | 6.4 (5.5–7.3) | 0.074 |
| 3.0–4.9 million yen | 21.7 | 19.6 (18.6–20.7) | 27.0 (25.8–28.1) | 7.4 (6.5–8.2) | ||
| 5.0–6.9 million yen | 15.4 | 18.5 (17.3–19.7) | 25.0 (23.6–26.3) | 6.5 (5.5–7.5) | ||
| 7.0–9.9 million yen | 14.0 | 17.0 (15.7–18.2) | 23.3 (21.9–24.7) | 6.3 (5.3–7.3) | ||
| ≥10.0 million yen | 9.4 | 13.8 (12.5–15.2) | 19.0 (17.4–20.6) | 5.2 (4.1–6.2) | ||
| Unknown/undisclosed | 20.9 | 27.0 (25.8–28.2) | 34.0 (32.8–35.3) | 7.0 (6.2–7.9) | ||
| Working conditions | Self-employed | 9.6 | 20.2 (18.7–21.8) | 26.5 (24.7–28.2) | 6.3 (5.0–7.4) | 0.112 |
| Permanent employment | 33.2 | 22.1 (21.2–23.0) | 28.6 (27.6–29.5) | 6.5 (5.8–7.1) | ||
| Temporary employment | 16.6 | 21.4 (20.2–22.7) | 28.2 (26.8–29.6) | 6.8 (5.8–7.7) | ||
| Unemployed | 40.6 | 20.6 (19.9–21.4) | 27.5 (26.6–28.3) | 6.9 (6.2–7.4) | ||
| House ownership | Yes | 30.6 | 21.2 (20.3–22.1) | 26.3 (25.4–27.3) | 5.1 (4.5–5.8) | <0.001 |
| No | 69.4 | 21.2 (20.6–21.8) | 28.5 (27.9–29.2) | 7.3 (6.8–7.8) | ||
CI: Confidence interval; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.