Table 5.
Weighted prevalence of social isolation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic by sociodemographic characteristics.
| Variable | Psychological Distress a | Suicidal Ideation a | Loneliness b | Fear of COVID-19 b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | β | p | β | p | |
| SI to SI | 0.901 (0.795–1.022) | 0.687 (0.561–0.842) | 0.009 | 0.140 | −0.001 | 0.854 |
| Non-SI to SI | 1.013 (0.850–1.207) | 1.094 (0.851–1.407) | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.028 | <0.001 |
| SI to non-SI | 1.305 (0.955–1.785) | 0.673 (0.380–1.194) | 0.011 | 0.056 | 0.005 | 0.380 |
| Non-SI to non-SI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
Β: Standardized coefficient; CI: Confidence interval; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; non-SI: Non-socially isolated; OR: Odds ratio; SI: Socially isolated. a Binary logistic regression analysis. b Multiple linear regression analysis. The model was adjusted for age, sex, marital status, household composition, education level, annual household income, working conditions, house ownership, smoking status, drinking habit, vigorous physical activity, and the presence of chronic diseases (hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer).