Figure 3.

A brief schematic representation of Laquinimod’s mechanism of action. In the peripheral compartment, Laquinimod inhibits the lymphocytic differentiation for CD4+ and CD8+ Th cells, limits the B cells passage and the lymphocytic endothelial adhesion by down-regulating VLA-4 and ICAM-1 [97,101,102,103]. The neuroprotective effects of laquinimod are dependent on BDNF up-modulation with secondary reduced axonal loss. It also reduces astroglyosis and oligodendrocyte apoptosis and reduces the expression of proinflammatory Th1 cytokines, while augmenting the T2 anti-inflammatory response [104,105,106].