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. 2021 Aug 5;22(16):8415. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168415

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Ex vivo generation of TolDCs vs. in vivo DC targeting. (A) Ex vivo generation of TolDCs starts from CD14+ monocyte isolation from peripheral blood of autoimmune disease patients. Monocytes are differentiated into DCs in the presence of tolerogenic agents (i.e., Dexa, VitD3, AS-ODN CD80, CD40, CD86) and then pulsed or not with disease-relevant Ags. The obtained cellular product is infused in patients. (B) In vivo targeting of DCs. Nanoparticles encapsulating Ags w/o tolerogenic agents target autologous DCs and skew their phenotype toward a tolerogenic one. Antibodies fused to relevant Ags are generated to recognize surface markers expressed specifically by naturally occurring tolDCs (i.e., DEC205, DCIR2, CLEC9A). Epicutaneous immunotherapy that delivers the Ag to the APCs localized in the superficial layers of the skin.