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. 2021 Aug 5;22(16):8413. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168413

Table 4.

Effects of neonicotinoid pesticides in human cells observed in vitro.

Cellular Line Dose and Time of Exposure Objective Results Reference
SH-SY5Y CLO: 1–100 μM for 24 h Assess whether CLO could affect the structure or function of the human nervous system
  • -

    CLO increased the number of cells and the growth of their neurites through its action on nAChRs

  • -

    Induced the entry of Ca+2 to the intracellular medium and the phosphorylation of ERK

  • -

    Negatively regulated genes related to neuronal function and morphology

[200]
SK-N-SH IMI, ACE, TMX: 10–2000 mg/L for 24 h Study the toxicity of NNs alone or in combination
  • -

    NNs alone or in combination inhibited growth and reduced cell viability, with TMX being the most toxic

[204]
SH-SY5Y IMI, ACE, CLO, THI, TMX: 0.05–4 mM for 24 and 48 h Investigate the possible effects of common NN insecticides on cytotoxicity and DNA damage
  • -

    Concentrations greater than 100 μM of THI and TMX produced DNA damage, with THI being the most cytotoxic insecticide

  • -

    The five NNs produced DNA damage at concentrations of 500 μM

[205]

Abbreviations. IMI: imidacloprid; ACE: acetamiprid; TMX: thiametoxam; NN: neonicotinoid; CLO: clothianidin; nAChR: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; THI: thiacloprid; TMX: thiametoxam; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase.