Table 5.
EV-associated biomarkers of prostate cancer.
| mRNAs | Up/Downregulation | Fold-Change | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| TMPRSS2:ERG | Upregulated | N/A | [120] |
| ERG | Expressed | N/A | [122] |
| SPDEF | Expressed | N/A | [122] |
| PCA3 | Expressed Upregulated |
N/A N/A |
[122] [128] |
| PCGEM1 | Downregulated | N/A | [128] |
| AGR2 | Upregulated | N/A | [134] |
| miRNAs | |||
| miR-21 | Upregulated Upregulated Upregulated |
N/A N/A N/A |
[123] [118] [124] |
| miR-145 | Upregulated | N/A | [130] |
| miR-1246 | Upregulated | 30 | [135] |
| miR-196a-5p | Downregulated | −2.375 | [125] |
| miR-483-5p | Upregulated | 23.59 | [126] |
| miR-19 | Upregulated | 2.94 | [129] |
| Let7-c | Upregulated | N/A | [123] |
| miR-574 | Upregulated | 3.90 (ratio) | [127] |
| miR-574-3p | Upregulated | [132] | |
| miR-375 | Upregulated Upregulated |
N/A N/A |
[123] [124] |
| miR-200 | Upregulated | N/A | [124] |
| miR-501-3p | Downregulated | −7.315 | [125] |
| miR-1275 | Upregulated | 22.81 | [126] |
| miR-1290 | Upregulated | 4.9 | [126] |
| miR-141 | Upregulated Upregulated |
11.7 (ratio) 3.85 |
[127] [133] |
| miR-2909 | Upregulated | N/A | [131] |
| miR-107 | Upregulated | 11.26 | [132] |
| lncRNA | |||
| PCA3 | Upregulated | N/A | [120] |
| TP53COR | Upregulated | N/A | [31] |
| P21 | Upregulated | N/A | [31] |
| Proteins | |||
| AZGP1 | Expressed | N/A | [96] |
| CK18 | Upregulated | N/A | [107] |
| GGT | Upregulated Expressed |
N/A N/A |
[98] [105] |
| CD63 | Upregulated | N/A | [100] |
| TM256 | Expressed | N/A | [101] |
| LAMTOR1 | Expressed | N/A | [101] |
| Flotillin | Upregulated | N/A | [102] |
| PARK7 | Upregulated | N/A | [102] |
| FABP5 | Upregulated | 2.31 | [103] |
| D-catenin | Expressed | N/A | [104] |
| Caveolin-1 | Expressed | N/A | [104] |
| CD59 | Expressed | N/A | [104] |
| ACPP | Expressed | N/A |
[105] |
| LTF | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| DDP4 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| TGM4 | Expressed Upregulated |
N/A N/A |
[102] [98] |
| MME | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| PSA | Expressed Upregulated Upregulated |
N/A N/A |
[102] [112] [98] |
| SEMG1 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| ANPEP | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| G3BP | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| TMPRSS | Upregulated | N/A | [98] |
| TMPRSS2 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| PASN | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| LGALS3 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| PSCA | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| KLK2 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| KLK11 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| TIMP1 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| ANXA2 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| CLSTN1 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| FASN | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| FLNC | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| FOLH1 | Expressed | N/A | [102] |
| FOLH1/PMSA | Upregulated | N/A | [98] |
| A3-integrin | Upregulated | 1–3.5 | [103] |
| B1-integrin | Upregulated | 1.5–3.5 | [103] |
| Adseverin | Upregulated | 1.34 | [104] |
| Transglutaminase-4 | Downregulated | 0.6 | [104] |
| Annexin A1 | Altered expression | N/A | [113] |
| Annexin A3 | Altered expression | N/A | [113] |
| Annexin A5 | Altered expression | N/A | [113] |
| DDAH I | Altered expression | N/A | [113] |
| DNA | |||
| PTEN | Mutated | N/A | [133] |
| TP53 | Mutated | N/A | [133] |
| Metabolites | |||
| Adenosine | Downregulated | N/A | [136] |
| Glucuronate | Downregulated | −22 | [136] |
| Isobutyril-L-carnitine | Downregulated | N/A | [136] |
| D-ribose 5P | Downregulated | N/A | [136] |
N/A: Not Available.