Table 1.
Polyaniline based conductive constructs for cardiac tissue engineering.
| Conductive Substrate |
Mechanical Properties |
Electrical Properties |
Cell Line or Tissue |
Biological Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poly-l-Lysine-PANI nanotubes membranes [32] |
Rat CMs | Better CMs proliferation | ||
| PLCL, PANI electrospun membranes [33] |
E = 50 MPa, εr = 207.85%, UTS = 0.69 MPa |
Four-probe technique, σ = 13.8 mS/cm |
Human fibroblasts, NIH-3T3, C2C12 |
Improved cell adhesion and metabolic activity |
| PGLD, PANI nanotubes membranes [34] |
Cho cells, neonatal rat CMs |
Good biocompatibility | ||
| PU-AP/PCL porous scaffold [35] |
Ec = 4.1 MPa, C.S = 1.3 MPa |
Four-probe technique, σ = 10−5 S/cm |
Neonatal rat CMs | Enhanced Actn4, Cx43, and cTnT2 expressions. |
| PANI/PCL patch [36] |
Two-probe technique, σ = 80 µS/cm |
hMSCs | Differentiation of hMSCs to CM-like cells |
|
| PDLA/PANI electrospun membranes [37] |
σ = 44 mS/cm | primary rat muscle cells | Improved cell adhesion and proliferation |
|
| Gelatin/PANI electrospun membranes [38] |
E = 1384 MPa, UTS = 10.49 MPa, εr = 9% |
Four-probe technique, σ = 17 mS/cm |
H9c2 | Smooth muscle-like morphology rich in microfilaments |
| Gelatin/PANI hydrogels [39] |
G’ = 5 Pa, G” = 26 Pa |
Pocket conductivity meter, σ = 0.45 mS/cm |
C2C12, BM-MSCs |
Improved cell-cell signalling and proliferation |
| PU-AP/PCL films [40] |
E’ = 10 MPa at 37 °C |
Four-probe technique, σ = 10−5 S/cm |
L929, HUVECs |
Improved cytocompatibility, good antioxidant properties |
| PLGA, PANI electrospun meshes [41] |
E = 91.7 MPa | Four-point probe, σ = 3.1 mS/cm |
Neonatal rat CMs | Enhanced Cx43 and cTnI expressions |
| PGS/PANI composites [42] |
E = 6 MPa, UTS = 9.2 MPa, εr = 40% |
Four-probe technique, σ = 18 mS/cm |
C2C12 | Good cell retention, growth, and proliferation |
| PCL, amino capped AT films [43] | E = 31.2 MPa, UTS = 48.3 MPa, εr = 646% |
- | C2C12 | Spindle like morphology, myotube formation |
| PCL, PANI electrospun membranes [44] |
E = 55.2 MPa, UTS = 10.5 MPa, εr = 38.0% |
Four-point probe, σ = 63.6 mS/cm |
C2C12 | Myotube formation |
| PANI, E-PANI films [45] |
Z > 10 MΩ/sqr for PANI Z = 6 MΩ/sqr for E-PANI |
H9c2 | Improved proliferation and cell attachment on E-PANI |
|
| PLA/PANI electrospun membranes [46] | Four-probe technique, σ = 21 µS/m |
H9c2, rat CMs |
Myotube formation from H9c2 cells, enhanced Cx43 and α-actinin expression, improved Ca2+ transients for CMs |
|
| PCL/SF/PANI hydrogels [47] |
εr = 107% | C2C12 | Excellent cell alignment, myotube formation |
|
| Chitosan-AT/PEG-DA hydrogels [48] | G’ = 7 kPa | Pocket conductivity meter, σ = 2.42 mS/cm |
C2C12, H9c2 |
Improved cell viability |
| PGS-AT elastomers [49] |
E = 2.2 MPa, UTS = 2.0 MPa, εr = 141% |
- | H9c2, rat CMs |
Synchronous CM beating with improved Ca2+ transients, H9c2 showed good orientation, enhanced Cx43 and α-actinin expression |
| PANI, Collagen, HA electrospun mats [50] |
E = 0.02 MPa, UTS= 4 MPa, εr = 78% |
Four-probe technique, σ = 2 mS/cm |
Neonatal rat CMs, hiPSCs | Synchronous beating of CMs derived from hiPSCs. Enhanced Cx43 and cTnI expression |
| AP, PLA films [51] |
Four-point probe, σ = 10−6 to 10−5 S/cm |
H9c2 | Pseudopodia like morphology, improved Ca2+ transients |
|
| Chitosan, PANI patch [52] |
E = 6.73 MPa, UTS = 5.26 MPa, εr = 79% |
Four-probe technique, σ = 0.162 S/cm |
Rat MI heart |
Improved CV in the infarcted region with healing effects |
| PA, PANI patch [53] |
Elongation = 84% | Digital Avometer, σ = 2.79 S/m |
Pork heart | Cardiac ECM mimicking |
| HPLA/AT films [54] |
εr = 42.7%, E = 758 MPa |
C2C12 | Myotube formation | |
| Dextran-AT/chitosan [55] | G’ = 620 Pa at t = 50 min |
Four-probe technique, σ = 0.03 mS/cm |
L929, C2C12 |
high proliferation rate, good in vivo degradation, generation of new myofibers |
Abbreviations: PANI: Polyaniline, PLCL: poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone), E: elastic modulus, εr: strain at rupture, UTS: ultimate tensile strength, Ec: compressive modulus, C.S: compressive strength, G’: shear storage modulus, G”: shear loss modulus, E’: tensile storage modulus σ: electrical conductivity, CMs: cardiomyocytes, PU: polyurethane, AP: aniline pentamer, PCL: polycaprolactone, hMSCs: human mesenchymal stem cells, hiPSCs: human induced pluripotent stem cells, PDLA: poly (d-lactic acid), BM-MSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, PGS: polyglycerol sebacate, AT: aniline tetramer, E-PANI: polyaniline-emeraldine base, PLA: polylactic acid, SF: silk fibroin, PEG-DA: dibenzaldehyde-terminated poly(ethylene glycol), HA: hyaluronic acid, PA: polyamide, HPLA: hyperbranched polylactide, CV: conduction velocity