Table 3.

PEDOT based conductive constructs in cardiac tissue engineering.

Conductive Substrate	Mechanical Properties	Electrical Properties	Cell Line	Biological Response
PEG/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels [82]	Ec = 21 kPa	Four-probe technique, σ = 16.9 mS/cm	H9c2	Good cell viability and proliferation
GelMA/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels [87]	E = 10.3 kPa	ElS, Z = 261 kΩ at 1 Hz	C2C12	Good cell viability and proliferation but high polymer concentration was detrimental to cells
Collagen/alginate/ PEDOT:PSS hydrogels [85]	G = 220 Pa, τmax = 41 Pa	Four-probe technique, σ = 3.5 mS/cm	CMs, hiPSCs-CMs	Good cell viability, proliferation, and adhesion, synchronous beating patterns
Alginate/PEDOT hydrogels [84]	Ec = 175 kPa, G’ = 100 kPa, G” = 10 kPa	Electrochemical workstation, σ = 61 mS/cm	BADSCs	Differentiation of BADSCs to CMs with enhanced expression of cTnT, α-actinin, Cx43
NBR/PEGDM/PEDOT electrospun membranes [83]	E = 3.8 MPa, εr = 75.1%	Four-probe technique, σ = 5.8 S/cm	Cardiac fibroblasts	Well organised sarcomeres, enhanced expression of α-actinin, Cx43
PCL/PEDOT:PSS microfibrous scaffold [86]	E = 13 MPa		H9c2, primary CMs	Enhanced expression of Cx43 and α-actinin, synchronous beating patterns of CMs

Abbreviations: E: elastic modulus, E_c: compressive modulus, ε_r: strain at rupture, G: shear modulus, G’: shear storage modulus, G”: shear loss modulus, τ_max: maximum shear stress, σ: electrical conductivity, PEG: polyethylene glycol, EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, BADSCs: brown adipose-derived stem cells, NBR: nitrile butadiene rubber, PEGDM: poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, GelMA: gelatin methacrylate