. 2021 Aug 26;11(8):e045704. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045704

Table 1.

Summary of publications included in the review and contribution to the literature

Author	Year	Country	Key method contribution
Suitability of houseold and provider data for linking analyses Household data needed for linked estimates
Ayede et al⁸	2018	Nigeria	Accuracy of maternal report of pneumonia symptoms measured through household survey.
Blanc et al¹⁷	2016	Mexico	Accuracy of maternal report of delivery/immediate PNC attendant measured through household survey.
Blanc et al¹⁸	2016	Kenya	Accuracy of maternal report of delivery/immediate PNC attendant measured through household survey.
Carter et al¹⁵	2018	Zambia	Accuracy of maternal report of care-seeking for child illness measured through household survey.
Chang et al¹⁴	2018	Nepal	Accuracy of maternal report of birth weight and preterm birth measured through household survey.
D’Acremont et al¹⁰	2010	SSA	Reduced proportion of fever cases that are malaria.
Hazir et al⁹	2013	Pakistan and Bangladesh	Accuracy of maternal report of pneumonia symptoms measured through household survey.
Keenan et al¹²	2017	USA	Accuracy of maternal recall of birth complications.
Shengelia et al⁷	2005	–	Effect of true versus perceived intervention need on effective coverage estimation.
Stanton et al¹⁶	2013	Mozambique	Accuracy of maternal report of place of delivery measured through household surveys.
Fischer Walker et al¹¹	2013	–	Issues with measurement of child diarrhoea through household surveys.
Wang et al¹⁹	2018	Multiple Regions	Issues with provider categories and alignment between DHS and SPA surveys.
Zimmerman et al¹³	2019	Ethiopia	Reliability of maternal report of maternal and newborn birth complications.
Suitability of household and provider data for linking analyses Provider data needed for linked estimates
Akachi and Kruk⁵⁷	2017	–	Need for global benchmarks for quality. Lack on data linking quality with health outcomes.
Carter et al³³	2018	Zambia	Quality score for child health effective coverage.
Chou et al³⁹	2019	Multiple Regions	Quality score for maternal and neonatal health effective coverage.
Davis et al³²	2006	High-income countries	Agreement between provider self-assessment and observed quality.
Diamond-Smith et al²⁴	2016	Kenya and Namibia	Association between maternal perception of care and measured structural and process quality.
Fisseha et al⁵¹	2017	Ethiopia	Internal consistency of structural and process quality indicator.
Gabrysch et al⁴⁵	2011	Zambia	Quality score for labour and delivery effective coverage.
Getachew et al²⁵	2020	Ethiopia	Association between caregiver perception of care and measured structural and process quality.
Hoogenboom et al²⁷	2015	Thai-Myanmar Border	Agreement between facility records and observed care.
Hrisos et al³⁰	2009	High-income countries	Systematic review of agreement between observed quality of care and provider self-report, patient-report, and/or chart review.
Jackson et al⁵³	2015	Tanzania	PCA to reduce quality index.
Joseph et al⁴²	2020	Malawi	Quality score for ANC nutrition effective coverage. Association between quality-adjusted coverage and LBW.
Kanyangarara et al³⁷	2017	SSA	Quality score for ANC effective coverage.
Kruk et al⁵⁵	2017	SSA	Association between structural and process quality.
Larson et al²⁶	2014	Tanzania	Association between maternal perception of care and service availability and respect. Vignettes for measuring quality.
Leegwater et al⁵⁹	2015	–	Association between UHC index and infant mortality and life expectancy at national level.
Leslie et al⁵⁸	2016	Malawi	Association between quality of delivery care and neonatal mortality.
Leslie et al⁴¹	2017	SSA	Quality score for ANC, labour and delivery, sick child, and family planning effective coverage. Association between structural and process quality.
Leslie et al⁵⁴	2018	Multiple Regions	Performance of approaches for generating service readiness indices.
Leslie et al⁴⁶	2019	Mexico	Quality score for ANC, labour and delivery, newborn, sick child, chronic conditions, and cancer treatment effective coverage.
Lozano et al⁴⁹	2006	Mexico	UHC index using weighted vs simple average of indicators
Mallick et al⁵²	2017	Haiti, Malawi and Tanzania	Comparison of measures of family planning quality.
Marchant et al³⁵	2015	Ethiopia, Nigeria and India	Measurement of quality using “last delivery module”.
Mboya et al³⁶	2016	Tanzania	mHealth tool to measure quality.
MCSP²³	2018	Multiple Regions	Availability and quality of data captured through HMIS.
Moucheraud and McBride⁴⁸	2020	SSA and Haiti	Systematic review of quality measures derived from SPA data.
Munos et al⁴⁰	2018	Cote D’Ivoire	Quality score for ANC, labour and delivery, PNC, and child health effective coverage.
Nesbitt et al²⁸	2013	Ghana	Quality score for labour and delivery and PNC effective coverage.
Nguhiu et al³⁸	2017	Kenya	Quality score for ANC, labour and delivery, sick child, and family planning effective coverage.
Nickerson et al²¹	2015	Multiple Regions	Comparison of data collected through health facility assessments.
Osen et al²⁹	2011	Ghana	Agreement between provider reported and observed surgical service quality.
Peabody et al³¹	2000	US	Agreement between vignettes, chart abstraction, and simulated client measures.
Serván-Mori et al⁴⁷	2019	Mexico	Quality score for labour and delivery and newborn care effective coverage.
Sheffel et al²²	2018	Multiple regions	Summary of quality data collected through SPA and SPA.
Sheffel⁵⁰	2018	Haiti, Malawi, Tanzania	Association between structural and process quality.
Willey et al⁴⁴	2018	Uganda	Quality score for labour and delivery and newborn care effective coverage.
Wilunda et al³⁴	2015	Uganda	Quality score for maternal and neonatal care effective coverage.
Zurovac et al⁵⁶	2015	Vanuatu	Poor association between structural quality and clinical care in fever management.
Implications of design of existing household and provider data sources commonly used in linking analyses Household data
Bliss et al⁶²	2012	USA	Comparison of distance using centroid vs true location.
Healy and Gilliland⁶⁴	2012	Canada and UK	Comparison of distance using centroids of varying areal groupings.
Jones et al⁶³	2010	USA	Comparison of distance using zip-code centroid versus true household location.
Nesbitt et al⁶⁵	2014	Ghana	Comparison of straight-line distance, network distance, raster and network-based travel time distance measures using village versus compound centroid.
Perez-Heydrch et al⁶⁰	2013	–	Effect of DHS cluster displacement on distance measures.
Skiles et al⁶⁶	2013	Rwanda	Effect of DHS cluster displacement on estimates of service environment.
Implications of designs of existing household and provider data sources commonly used in linking analyses Provider data
Carter et al³³	2018	Zambia	Effect of excluding non-facility providers from sampling frame on effective coverage estimates.
Munos et al⁴⁰	2018	Cote d’Ivoire	Effect of excluding non-facility providers from sampling frame on effective coverage estimates.
Skiles et al⁶⁶	2013	Rwanda	Effect of facility sampling on estimates of service environment.
Turner et al⁶⁷	2001	–	Limitations of SPA sampling design. Approach for joint sampling of households and facilities for linking analyses.
Implications of designs of existing household and provider data sources commonly used in linking analyses Survey timing
Baker et al⁶⁸	2005	Uganda and Tanzania	Stability of facility diagnostic capacity over time.
Marchant et al⁶⁹	2008	Tanzania	Stability of IPTp stocks.
Wang et al⁷¹	2011	Multiple Regions	Stability of maternal healthcare-seeking behaviours measured through household survey over time.
Willey et al⁴⁴	2018	Uganda	Stability of facility infrastructure indicators for labour, delivery, and newborn care.
Winter et al⁷⁰	2015	Multiple Regions	Stability of care-seeking for child illness behaviours measured through household survey over time.
Impact of choice of method for combining household and provider data Comparison of exact match and ecological linking methods for estimating effective coverage
Carter et al³³	2018	Zambia	Comparison of exact match and ecological linking methods in estimating effective coverage in sick child care.
Munos et al⁴⁰	2018	Cote d'Ivoire	Comparison of exact match and ecological linking methods in estimating effective coverage in ANC, labour and delivery, PNC and sick child care.
Willey et al⁴⁴	2017	Uganda	Comparison of exact match and ecological linking methods in estimating effective coverage in ANC, labour and delivery, PNC and sick child care.
Impact of choice of method for combining household and provider data Performance of measures of geographical proximity for ecological linking
Carter et al³³	2018	Zambia	Comparison of true-source of care for child illness to straight-line and road distance measures.
Delamater et al⁷⁴	2019	US	Comparison of FCA, simple distance, and Huff distance measure against true utilisation patterns.
Gething et al⁷⁶	2004	Kenya	Comparison of Theissen boundaries and true utilisation patterns.
Munos et al⁴⁰	2018	Cote d'Ivoire	Comparison of true-source of care for ANC, labour and delivery, PNC and child illness to straight-line and road distance measures.
Noor et al⁷²	2006	Kenya	Comparison of true-source of care for child fever to closest by Euclidian and road distance.
Tanser et al⁷⁷	2001	South Africa	Comparison of Theissen boundaries and true utilisation patterns.
Tanser et al⁷³	2006	South Africa	Comparison of typical source of care to closest by travel time.
Tsoka and Le Sueur⁷⁵	2004	South Africa	Comparison of Theissen boundaries and true utilisation patterns.
Impact of choice of method for combining household and provider data Statistical challenges
Sauer et al⁷⁹	2020	–	Comparison of exact, parametric bootstrap and delta method for estimating effective coverage variance.
Wang et al¹⁹	2018	Multiple Regions	Use of Delta method for estimating effective coverage variance.
Willey et al⁴⁴	2018	Uganda	Use of Delta method for estimating effective coverage variance.

ANC, antenatal care; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; FCA, floating catchment area; HMIS, Health Management Information Systems; IPTp, intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy; LBW, low birthweigh; MCSP, Maternal and Child Survival Program; PCA, principal component analysis; PNC, postnatal care; SPA, Service Provision Assessment; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa; UHC, universal health coverage.