Table 3.
Exact versus ecological linking estimates for select indicators across studies
| Willey labour and delivery structural QoC |
Carter child health urban structural QoC |
Carter child health rural structural QoC |
Munos labour and delivery structural QoC |
Munos labour and delivery process QoC |
Munos child health structural QoC |
Munos child health process QoC |
||||||||
| % (95% CI) |
Relative % Diff | % (95% CI) |
Relative % Diff | % (95% CI) |
Relative % Diff | % (95% CI) |
Relative % Diff | % (95% CI) |
Relative % Diff | % (95% CI) |
Relative % Diff | % (95% CI) |
Relative % Diff | |
| Exact match | 9.86 (3.2 to 16.5) |
REF | 49 (43.6 to 54.5) |
REF | 60.3 (55.6 to 65.1) |
REF | 37.2 (30.5 to 43.9 |
REF | 40.1 (32.9 to 47.3) |
REF | 22.9 (18.2 to 27.5) |
REF | 16.8 (12.8 to 20.8) |
REF |
| Ecological—geographical | ||||||||||||||
| Absolute distance | 36.5 (29.5 to 43.5) |
−1.9% | 39.8 (32.2 to 47.5) |
−0.7% | 18.2* (12.3 to 24.1) |
−20.5% | 14.3 (9.1 to 19.6) |
−14.9% | ||||||
| Absolute distance and provider category* |
49.1 (43.7 to 54.6) |
0.2 | 61.1 (56.3 to 65.9) |
1.3% | 37 (30.0 to 44.0) |
−0.5% | 39.6 (32.1 to 47.1) |
−1.2% | 20.8* (16.1 to 25.4) |
−9.2% | 16.5 (12.2 to 20.7) |
−1.8% | ||
| Road distance | 36.8 (30.0 to 44.0) |
−1.1% | 40.4 (32.6 to 48.1) |
0.7% | 16* (10.9 to 21.1) |
−30.1% | 13.8 (8.5 to 19.1) |
−17.9% | ||||||
| Road distance & provider category* |
48.7 (43.2 to 54.1) |
−0.6% | 58.8 (54.1 to 63.5) |
−2.5% | 37.5 (30.4 to 44.6) |
0.8% | 40.2 (32.5 to 47.9) |
0.2% | 20.2* (16.0 to 24.4) |
−11.8% | 16.5 (12.3 to 21.8) |
−1.8% | ||
| Radius 5 km and provider category* |
49.2 (43.7 to 54.7) |
0.4% | 59.4 (54.8 to 64.1) |
−1.5% | ||||||||||
| Radius 10 km—unweighted† | 35.3* (29.3 to 41.4) |
−5.1% | 39.1 (32.0 to 46.2) |
−2.5% | 18.8* (14.9 to 22.7) |
−17.9% | 15.7 (12.4 to 19.1) |
−6.5% | ||||||
| Radius 10 km—weighted‡ | 37.5 (30.6 to 44.4) |
0.8% | 39.8 (32.5 to 47.1) |
−0.7% | 19.1* (15.1 to 23.0) |
−16.6% | 15.6 (12.1 to 19.1) |
−7.1% | ||||||
| KDE—single | 71.8* (69.3 to 74.2) |
46.5% | 55* (50.4 to 59.6) |
−8.8% | ||||||||||
| KDE—aggregate | 74.3* (73.2 to 75.5) |
51.6% | 54.9* (50.4 to 59.5) |
−9.0% | ||||||||||
| Ecological—administrative | ||||||||||||||
| Facility catchment and provider category* | 49.1 (43.6 to 54.6) |
0.2% | 59.8 (55.1 to 64.5) |
−0.8% | ||||||||||
| Subdistrict and provider category* |
49.4 (43.9 to 54.9) |
0.8% | 57.9 (53.4 to 62.4) |
−4.0% | ||||||||||
| District—unweighted† | 4.7* (21.4 to 31.7) |
−52.5% | 34.9* (29.0 to 40.8) |
−6.2% | 39 (32.3 to 45.7) |
−2.7% | 17.8* (14.6 to 21.0) |
−22.3% | 21* (17.2 to 24.8) |
25.0% | ||||
| District—unweighted† and provider category* |
11.0 (3.8 to 18.2) |
11.8% | 37 (30.4 to 43.6) |
−0.5% | 39.7 (32.7 to 46.7) |
−1.0% | 20.3* (15.8 to 24.8) |
−11.4% | 17.4 (13.3 to 21.4) |
3.6% | ||||
| District—weighted‡ | 37.9 (31.3 to 44.4) |
1.9% | 40.7 (33.7 to 47.7) |
1.5% | 19.7* (16.1 to 23.2) |
−14.0% | 21.2* (17.4 to 25.0) |
26.2% | ||||||
| District—weighted‡ and provider category* |
38.8* (31.9 to 45.7) |
4.3% | 40.8 (33.6 to 48.0) |
1.7% | 21.1* (16.4 to 25.8) |
−7.9% | 17.1 (13.1 to 21.2) |
1.8% | ||||||
*Ecological linking restricted to only providers within the category (type of outlet, managing authority, and facility level) reported by survey respondent.
†Simple average of provider quality scores applied, not accounting for differentials in patient volume.
‡Provider quality scores weighted by provider utilisation volume for relevant health area.
QoC, quality of care.