Table 2.

The involvement of PACAP in the regulation of gastrointestinal disorders.

Organ	Species	Disease Model	References
Stomach	Rat	extrinsic denervation experimental ulcers	[7] [107]
	Pig	experimentally-induces hyperacidity diabetes	[24] [11]
Small intestine	Rat	intestinal autotranslantation ischemia-reperfusion	[101] [102]
	Pig	diabetes	[11]
	Mouse	cold and warm preservation in the course of intestinal transplantation	[103]
Intestinal INT407 cells	Human	lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure and bacterial adherence (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis) oxidative stress	[94] [104]
Duodenum	Pig	naproxen and indomethacin administration	[25,108]
Ileum	Mouse	acute ileitis subacute ileitis	[92] [93]
	Rat	a dysfunctional (atrophic) intestine	[106]
	Pig	zearalenone intoxication	[12]
Large intestine	Human	inflammatory bowel disease carcinoma Hirschsprung’s disease	[100] [14] [29]
Colon	Mouse	dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis acute Campylobacter jejuni-induced enterocolitis	[96,97,98] [99]
	Human	symptomatic diverticular disease drug-resistant ulcerative colitis malignant tumor	[30] [31] [15]
	Pig	chemically-induced inflammation proliferative enteropathy axotomy of caudal colonic nerves diabetes	[10] [10] [10] [11]
Colonic Caco-2 cells	Human	lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure and bacterial adherence (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis)	[94]
HCT8 human colonic tumor cell	Pig	tumor	[109]
Liver	Pig	bisphenol A dietary exposure	[13]