Table 2.

Selection of recent key data obtained from AD primary culture models.

Primary Cells
Cell Types	Detailed Example	References
Tissues: all the brain cell types	In AD patient brains, Aβ downregulates the neuronal receptor AMPA by increasing its ubiquitination [91].	[91,94]
Neurons	Park et al. (2015) developed an AD model based on 3D cell culture. Cultured neurons form neurospheroids in a microfluidic chip. Neurospheroids mimic a tissue with a complex neural network better than 2D-cultured neurons. Treatment with Aβ induces cell death and damages the neurospheroid network [95].	2D culture: [91,94,96] 3D culture: [95,97,98]
Astrocytes	Aβ1-42-exposed primary astrocytes better survive with a low dose of aspirin, probably because of a decrease in inflammation and oxidative stress [99].	[99,100]
Microglial cells	During AD, microglial cells take up tau seeds to clear the aggregates, but, because of an incomplete clearance mechanism, these cells also propagate tau seeds in other brain regions after migration [101].	[101,102]
Oligodendrocytes	Aβ prevents the myelin sheet formation in vitro, inducing oligodendrocyte damages and cell death [103].	[103,104]
BBB: endothelial cells and pericytes	The Buyang Huanwu decoction inhibits the Aβ25–35-induced endothelial inflammation and RAGE/LRP1 dysregulation [105].	Endothelial cells: [105,106,107,108,109] Pericytes: [110,111,112]