Table 4.

Recent advances in AD reprogrammed cells.

Reprogrammed Cells
Derived Cell Type or Tissue	Detailed Example	References
iPSCs
Neurons	Rouleau et al. (2020) developed a 3D neural tissue with human iPSC from healthy or AD donors [147].	2D culture, iPCS from fAD patients: [93,148] 3D culture, sAD patients: [145] 3D culture, fAD patients: [146] iPSC development from AD patients: [143,144,147]
Others: astroglia, endothelial cells, NPCs	iPSC-derived human brain endothelial cells with the PSEN1 mutation show altered tight and adherent junctions and efflux properties compared to cells derived from healthy donors [151].	Astroglia: [149] Endothelial cell: [150,151] NPC: [152,153]
Organoids	Gonzalez et al. (2018) developed iPSC-derived cerebral organoids, which show a cortical organization. When the used iPSC comes from an AD patient, the developed cerebral organoid exhibits AD features such as Aβ deposition and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau [158].	Examples of iPSC-derived organoid with fAD mutations: [158,159] Organoid with an AD-like pathology: [162]. Reviews: [5,157]
iNs
Neurons	Hu et al. (2015) derived fibroblasts from control and AD patients into functional neurons with chemicals [161].	[93,161]