Table 3.

Ciguatoxins treatment in different experimental models.

Experimental Model	Ciguatoxins Exposure Protocol	Molecular Target	effects	Reference
SH-SY5Y	25 pM–100 nM P-CTX-3C short-(4–24 h) and long-term exposure (10 days)		cytotoxic effect, alterations of the mitochondrial metabolism, cell morphology, and [Ca2+]i	[91]
primary cortical neurons	5 nM CTX3C 6-24- 72 h		gene expression alteration mediated by voltage-gated sodium channel	[90]
C57BL/6 mice	shallow intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of P-CTX-1 (1–10 nM)	Nav 1.8 and TTXs Nav subtypes are effectors of ciguatoxin-induced cold allodynia	spontaneous pain	[93]
transgenic mice and rat	0.01–31 nM P-CTX-1 (>95% purity) isolated from moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus) liver	NaV1.9	release of calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) from nerve terminals	[85]
C57BL/6 mice	(0.26 ng/g body weight) intraperitoneally on day 0 followed by second exposure on day 3 P-CTX-1 (isolated and purified from moray eels)		irreversible motor deficit in 4-month pre-exposed mice following peripheral nerve injury astrogliosis and excitotoxic neuronal cell death via the activation of caspase 3 in motor cortex	[94]