Table 1.

Sex difference in ENT diseases from the perspectives of inflammatory responses and specialized proresolving mediator-driven resolution.

ENT Diseases	Sex Bias	Level of Estrogens	Sex Hormone Receptors	Cells Involved in the Pathogenesis	Cytokines Involved in the Pathogenesis	Involvement of Resolution of Inflammation Factors	References
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps	1. Male 2. Female with lower estrogens	Low estrogens	High ERα	1. Th2, eosinophile 2. Epithelial cells 3. Macrophages	IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33	1. Intake of omega-3 fatty acid show delaying incidence of recurrence 2. Alteration of RvD2, LXA4, RvD1, LTD4, LTE4, PGD2, and 11β PGF2α profile	[38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71]
Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps	Female	N/A	N/A	1. Th1 cells 2. Neutrophil 3. DC	IFN, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TGFβ	1. Alteration of PGD2 and 2. TXA2 profile
Age-related hearing loss	1. Male 2. Females with Turner’s syndrome	Low estrogens	ERα/ERβ	1. Cochlear Macrophages 2. Cochlear hair cells 3. Hensen cells	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8	ANXA1	[72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104]
Sjögren’s syndrome	Female	Low estrogens (during menopause)	High ERβ	1. Lymphocytes (T and B cells) 2. Th17 cells	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IFNγ	RvD1	[105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155]
Head and Neck Cancers	Male	Low estrogens	High ERα/ERβ/AR	1. Macrophages 2. Stromal cells	TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL10, COX-2, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-4, IL-8, and TGFb	1.LXA4 2. Resolvins (RvD2, RvD4 and RvD5)	[156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197]