Table 1.
Summary characteristics of reviewed studies.
| Authors | Sample | Research Design | Variables of the Study | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goto-Inoue et al. (2013) | Trained and untrained rats | 6 weeks of Chronic exercise associate with 12 weeks of high fat diet | muscle tissues samples | The findings reveal compositional changes in phospholipid molecular species: ↑ linoleic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine and sphingo-myelin, ↑ docosahexanoic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine |
| Nieman et al. (2013) | 35 long-distance male runners (supplemented group: aged 33.7 ± 6.8 years; placebo: aged 35.2 ± 8.7 years) | 3-day intensified exercise (2.5 h at 70%VO2max bouts) | blood samples: pre- and post-14-day supplementation of polyphenol-enriched protein, and immediately and 14 h after the 3rd day of training | 324 metabolites changed: ↑ metabolites related to fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis including free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, 3-hydroxy-fatty acids, and dicarboxylic acids, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. |
| Peake et al. (2014) | 10 well-trained male cyclists and triathletes (aged 33.2 ± 6.7 years) | Moderate-intensity vs. continuous exercise | blood samples: pre- and post-exercise | 49 metabolites identified: Significant increase in monounsaturated fatty acids in response to high-intensity interval training, ↑ in carbohydrate oxidation and ↓ in fat oxidation |
| Karl et al. (2017) | 25 male highly trained soldiers (aged 19.0 ± 1.0 years) | Military endurance exercise | blood sample: pre- and post-exercise | 478 Metabolites changed pre- and post-exercise: ↑ free fatty acids; ↑ acylcarnitines; ↓ mono- and diacylglycerols; ↑ branched chain amino acid metabolites |
| Nieman et al. (2017) | 24 trained male runners (aged 36.5 ± 1.8 years) | One bout run to exhaustion at 70%VO2max | Muscle biopsy and blood samples collected before and immediately after running | 209 metabolites altered: ↑ long and medium-chain fatty acids, ↑ fatty acids oxidation products (dicarboxylate; monohydroxy fatty acids; acylcarnitines), ↑ ketone bodies. Minor relationship with ↑ IL-6. |
| Manaf et al. (2018) | 18 healthy and recreationally active males (aged 24.7 ± 4.8 years) | Cycling test at a workload 3 mM/L lactate | blood samples: pre-exercise, during exercise (10-min, before fatigue), exhaustion point, post-exercise (20 min after fatigue) | 68 metabolites changed: ↑ Free-fatty acids and ↓ tryptophan (fatigue). |
| Howe et al. (2018) | 9 male ultramarathon runners (aged 34 ± 7 years) | 80.5 km treadmill simulated ultramarathon run | blood samples: pre- and post-exercise | 446 metabolites identified:↓ amino acids metabolism post-80.5 km; ↑ in the formation of medium-chain unsaturated, partially oxidized fatty acids |
| Al-khelaifi et al. (2018) | 191 elite athletes (171 males, 20 females) | Elite athletes from various sport disciplines | blood samples collected IN or OUT competition | High-power athletes exhibited increased levels of phospholipids compared to high-endurance athletes |
| Gollasch et al. (2019) | 6 healthy volunteers (five male and one female); (aged 38 ± 15 years) | Maximal treadmill exercise | blood samples collected pre-exercise, during exercise and post-exercise | Exhaustive exercise increased the circulating levels of epoxyoctadecenoic, dihy-droxyeicosatrienoic, dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids. Exercise does not change the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the systemic circulation |
| Wang et al. (2019) | 38 patients with coronary heart disease (19 untrained + 19 trained) | Aerobic exercise for 8 weeks | blood samples collected pre- and post-exercise | Findings shown beneficial effects on plasma lipids by leding a significant decrease in serum concentrations in patients with coronary heart disease. Significant ↓ in triglyceride and apoC3 concentration; significant ↑ in HDL-C |
| Contrepois et al. (2020) | 36 men (aged 40–75 years) | CPX testing and serial blood collection | blood samples collected before exercise (baseline) as well as 2 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 1 h in recovery. | Lidip analysis indicates: ↑ acylcarnitines, free fatty acids, complex lipids, and amino acids |
| Varga et al. (2020) | 38 female elite endurance athletes (aged 18–38) | Athletes underwent a day-long exercise test | blood samples drawn five times: at fasting state, andbefore and after two separate exercise tests in the morning and in the afternoon | Lidip analysis indicates that participants with menstrual dysfunction might have decreased adaptive response to exercise intervention. Lipid trajectorie altered: Glycerolipids, Glyceropho-spholipids, Sphingo-lipids |
| Nemkov et al. (2021) | 8 well-trained male athletes (aged 35 ± 8) | 30 min high-intensity cycling test | blood samples collected before and 3 min after a 30 min submaximal cycling test | Acute high-intensity exercise determines oxidative stress and changes in free fatty acids that causes lipid damage in red blood cells. Results revealed an increased levels of dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acid that indicate ongoing lipolysis to release free fatty acids, conjugated to carnitine |
| Jastrzebski et al. (2021) | 14 patients with sarcoidosis (aged 46.0 ± 9.6) | Moderate intensity exercise training | blood samples collected after overnight fasting at baseline and after the 3-week exercise training | Lipid profiles were altered after 3 week exercise training program decreases in fatty acids, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Other changes included shifts in fatty acids oxidation products and triacylglycerol esters |