Table 2.
Studies examining human milk adiponectin.
| Author | Year | Sample Size (n) | Sample Type | Sampling | Time of the Day (h) | Time of Collection | Preparation | Method | Intra, Inter Assay (%CV) | LOD (ng/mL) | R (%) | Concentration (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronsky et al. [28] | 2006 | 59 | C | collected on EDTA and aprotinin | 7:00 | 1–2 d | WM | ELISA | 3.8, 5.4 | 0.5 | 91.6 | 13.7 (0.8) mean (SEM) |
| Weyermann et al. [17] | 2006 | 766 | M | pre-feed | - | 6 wk, 6 mo |
SM | ELISA | <7, 7 | - | - | 12.8 ± 10.1 |
| Weyermann et al. [30] | 2007 | 674 | M | - | - | 33–71 d | SM | ELISA | <7, 7 | - | - | 0.175, median |
| Martin et al. [75] | 2006 | 158 | M | no feed 2 h before sampling | 10:00–13:00 | 1 d–12 mo | SM | RIA | 3.9, 5.8 | - | 109 ± 6.7 | 17.7 (4.2–87.9) median (range) |
| Woo et al. [76] | 2009 | 322 | M | - | 10:00–13:00 | 1 wk–6 mo | SM | RIA | 8.5, 3.9 | - | - | 24.0 ± 8.6 |
| Dündar et al. [81] | 2010 | 25 | C | - | 08:00–10:00 | - | WM | ELISA | - | 0.78 | - | 29.5 ± 6.4, (1.26–77.1) (range) |
| Bronsky et al. [33] | 2011 | 72 | C, M | post-feed | after 7:00 | 1 d, 1, 3, 6, 12 mo |
WM | ELISA | 3.8, 5.4 | 0.5 | 91.6 | 3 mo, 20.5 (0.6) 6 mo, 21.4 (0.8) 12 mo, 25.7 (1.4) mean (SEM) |
| Luoto et al. [79] | 2011 | 30 | C | - | - | 0–3 d | - | DELFIA | <5.8 | 0.8 | - | (3.1–98.9) (range) |
| Ley et al. [82] | 2011 | 34 | M | pooled milk bank samples | - | 1–6 mo | SM and WM | RIA | -, 9.3 | - | WM, 105.5 ± 18.2 SM, 118.4 ± 36 |
WH, 12.3 ± 6.1; SM, 12.1 ± 5.4 |
| Cesur et al. [83] | 2012 | 25 | M | pre-feed | btw 8–10 | 1 and 4 mo | SM | ELISA | - | 0.78 | - | 1 mo, 23.61 ± 32.95; 4 mo, 6.66 ± 9.48 |
| Luoto et al. [80] | 2012 | 256 | C | - | - | 0–3 d | - | DELFIA | <5.8 | 0.8 | - | (2.6–317) (range) |
| Ley et al. [78] | 2012 | 170 | C, M | no feed 2 h before sampling | - | 2 d and 3 mo |
SM | RIA | -, 9.3 | - | 118.4 ± 36 | C, 50.0 (21.9, 104.6); M, 12.3 (9.9, 17.2) median (25th, 75th percentile) |
| Liu et al. [84] | 2012 | 48 | C | - | - | 3 d | SM | ELISA | - | - | - | PE, 118.1 ± 21.6; Healthy, 59.9 ± 10.7 |
| Ozarda et al. [77] | 2012 | 157 | C, M | pre-feed, 3 h after breakfast | morning | 1–180 d | SM | RIA | <6, 8 | - | - | 34.8 ± 2.4, (4.0–105.7) (range) |
| Savino et al. [85] | 2012 | 60 | - | - | 7:00–8:00 | <6 mo | SM | ELISA | <4.7, 6,7 | <0.6 | - | 9.99 (3.59, 20.52), median (25th, 75th percentile) |
| Woo et al. [86] | 2012 | 277 | - | - | 10:00–13:00 | 1 wk, and 1, 2, 5, 6 mo |
SM | RIA | - | - | - | 21.57 ± 5.12 |
| Kon et al. [41] | 2014 | 103 | M | - | morning | 1, 2 and 3 mo | SM | ELISA | 5.9, - | 26 | - | LWG, 1 mo, 1.06 (0.10); 3 mo, 1.09(0.15); NWG, 1 mo, 1.14 (0.09); 2 mo, 1.04 (0.09); 3 mo, 1.14 (0.08); HWG, 1 mo, 1.10 (0.09); 2 mo, 1.15 (0.08); 3 mo, 1.12 (0.10); mean (SEM); µg/mL |
| Brunner et al. [42] | 2014 | 6 wk, 152 6 mo, 120 |
M | overnight fast | morning | 6 wk 6 mo |
SM | RIA | - | - | - | 6 wk, 10.93 (8.34); 6 mo, 10.36 (9.40) |
| Khodabakhshi et al. [43] | 2015 | Ob, 40 NW, 40 |
M | 2 h after feed, fasting | 8:00–10:00 | 2–5 mo | SM | ELISA | - | - | - | NW, 330.05 (298.33–376.81) Ob, 323.48 (281.14–350.89) |
| Gridneva et al. [47] | 2016 | 27 | M | pre- and post-feed | 09:30–11:30 | 2–5 mo | WM | ELISA | -, <7.2 | 1 | 96.2 ± 3.2 | 10.02 ± 4.08 (6.18–22.58) (range) |
| Anderson et al. [87] | 2016 | 117 | M | no feed 2 h prior sampling |
6:00–10:00 | 9 d–24 mo | SM | ELISA | <10, 14 | - | - | 7.47 ± 5.75 (1.38–19.1) (range) |
| Nunes et al. [54] | 2017 | 69 | C, M | - | - | 1, 2, 30 d | SM | ELISA | - | - | - | SGA, M, 9.99 (5.16–19.21); GDM, M, 12.43 (6.9–14.87); CTL, M, 9.87 (6.33–11.5) |
| Quinn and Childs [53] | 2017 | 116 | - | mid-feed sampling | 6:00–10:00 | - | SM | ELISA | <14.4, - | - | - | 4.1 ± 2.13 |
| Kugananthan et al. [18] | 2017 | 59 | M | pre- and post-feed | 9:30–11:30 | 2, 5, 9, 12 mo | WM | ELISA | -, <2.5 | 1 | 96.2 ± 3.2 | 2 mo, 11.12 ± 4.39; 5 mo, 9.30 ± 3.94; 9 mo, 8.46 ± 2.26; 12 mo, 11.07 ± 7.88 9.88 ± 5.05, (4.56–54.92) (range) |
| Gridneva et al. [7] | 2018 | 20 | M | pre- and post-feed | 24 h milk collection | 2, 5, 9, 12 mo | WM | ELISA | -, <2.5 | 1 | 96.2 ± 3.2 | 2 mo, 11.14 ± 5.79; 5 mo, 8.42 ± 1.69; 9 mo, 8.44 ± 1.33; 12 mo, 11.22 ± 4.22 (5.66–22.88) (range) |
| Chan et al. [56] | 2018 | 430 | M | pooled 24 h milk collection |
24 h milk collection | 4 mo | SM | ELISA | - | 0.064 | - | 19.5 (14.5–25.9) |
| Yu et al. [57] | 2018 | 96 | C, M | pre- and post-feed for mature milk | 8:00–9:00, d 3; 14:00–16:00, d 42 and 90 |
3, 42, 90 d | SM | ELISA | <5.4, 8.5 | - | - | GDM (n = 48), 3 d, 21.7 (14.7–56.1); 42 d, 11.9 (8–18·37); 90 d, 11 (7 8.5–13.9); Healthy (n = 48), 3 d, 65.8 (29.8–126.9); 42 d, 12.22 (9.7–14.9); 90 d, 15.3 (11.6–19.5) |
| Young et al. [88] | 2018 | 41 | M | mid-feed | morning | 2 wk, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mo |
SM | RIA | - | - | - | 2 wk, 19.4 ± 9.0; 1 mo, 19.2 ± 11.2; 2 mo, 17.3 ± 12.5; 3 mo, 20.9 ± 27.6; 4 mo, 15.0 ± 7.9 |
| Mohamad et al. [89] | 2018 | 155 | C, M | pre- and post-feed | - | 1 d, 2 mo |
SM | ELISA | <10, 10 | - | - | 1 d, 17.05 ± 8.75 2 mo, 11.53 ± 8.45 |
| Sadr Dadres et al. [58] | 2019 | 135 | M | 2 h after last feed | 10:00–12:00 | 1 and 3 mo | SM | ELISA | <6, 6 | 1 | 98–120 | 1 mo, 16.8 ± 9.6 3 mo, 15.6 ± 15.2 |
| Zamanillo et al. [59] | 2019 | 59 | M | - | 9:00–14:00 | 30, 60 and 90 d | WM | ELISA | - | - | - | 1 mo, 23.39 ± 7.57; 2 mo, 20.83 ± 6.61; 3 mo, 20.32 ± 8.02 |
| Grunewald et al. [90] | 2019 | 367 | M | - | - | 16 d, 163 d |
SM | ELISA | 4.5, 4.8 | - | 91.6 ± 4.0 | 19.28 ± 6.63 |
| Kocaadam et al. [63] | 2019 | 65 | M | pre-feed, ~2 h fast prior, ~2 h after last feed, on EDTA and aprotinin | 8:00–11:00 | 15–30 d | SM | ELISA | - | - | - | Pre-term, 24.6 (14.3); Term, 22.9 (9.7) |
| Schneider-Worthington et al. [64] | 2020 | 25 | M | - | - | 1 mo | SM | ELISA | 4.48, 13.56 | - | - | 14.90 (9.19) |
| Galante et al. [66] | 2020 | 501 | M | pre-feed | 10:00–24:00 | 2–3 mo | SM | ELISA | - | - | 0.404 ± 0.237, ng/mg (raw values corrected per mg of protein per mL) |
|
| Joung et al. [67] | 2021 | 50 | C, M | post-feed, 24 h pooled, samples pre-treated with protease containing buffer | - | 7, 14, 21 and 28 d | WM | ELISA | <6 | 0.01 | - | - |
Data reported as mean ± SD or median (IQR) unless specified. C, colostrum milk; CTL, control; CV %, coefficient variation percentage; d, day; DELFIA, dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ELISA; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HWG, high weight gain; LOD, limit of detection; M, mature milk; mo, month; NW, with normal weight, NWG, with normal weight gain; Ob, with obesity; PE, women with preeclampsia; R%, recovery of analyte percentage; RIA: radioimmunoassay; SGA, small for gestational age; SM, skim milk; WM, whole milk; wk, week.