Table 3.
Studies examining human milk ghrelin.
| Author | Year | Sample Size (n) | Sample Type |
Sampling | Time of the Day (h) | Time of Collection | Preparation | Method | Intra, Inter Assay (%CV) | LOD (pg/mL) |
R (%) | Concentration (pg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aydin et al. [96] | 2006 | 17 | C, T, M | overnight fasting |
morning, before breakfast | 1, 7, 15 d | SM | RIA, tGh | <7.2, 11 | 12.5 | 105 ± 7 | C, 70.3 ± 18; T, 83.8 ± 18; M, 97.3 ± 13 |
| Kierson et al. [98] | 2006 | 10 | M | - | - | 7–21 d | SM and WM | RIA, tGh | - | - | - | WM, 2125 (260–6000) SM, 595 (420–1300) median (range) |
| Aydin et al. [99] | 2007 | 29 | C and M | overnight fasting, aprotinin added to sample analysis with HPLC | morning, before breakfast | 2, 15 d | SM | RIA and HPLC | <10, 14 | RIA, ~9 HPLC, ~15 |
RIA, 92 HPLC, - |
RIA, GDM, 26.1 ± 7.4; non-GDM, 64 ± 9.1; HPLC, dGh, (412–788); aGh, (15–30); tGh, (427–818) (range) |
| Ilcol and Hizli [101] | 2007 | 159 | C, T and M | 3 h after breakfast, one set acidified with 1N HCL for aGh analysis | morning | 1–3, 4–14, 15–30, 30–90, 91–180 d |
SM | RIA | <8, 11 | 100 | 98 | C, aGh, 450 ± 25; tGh, 880 ± 80 M, aGh, 801 ± 43; tGh, 3249 ± 378 |
| Aydin et al. [100] | 2008 | 8 | - | aprotinin added | - | - | SM | HPLC | <12, 14 | 11 ± 2, 14 ± 3 |
aGh, 91 dGh, 108 | aGh, 75; dGh, 1131 |
| Aydin et al. [31] | 2008 | 31 | C, M | pre-feed, with aprotinin |
9:00 |
2, 25 d | SM | RIA | <8, 11 | 100 | 98 | C, aGh, 61.58 ± 7.11; dGh, 554.11 ± 79.42; tGh, 615.70 ± 78.39 M, aGh, 76.73 ± 10.58; dGh, 1238.5 ± 181.2; tGh, 1315.2 ± 183.9 |
| Aydin [102] | 2010 | 20 | C, M | - | - | - | ELISA | - | - | - | C, aGh, 39.2 ± 2; dGh, 466.1 ± 52 M, aGh, 48.2 ± 5.1; dGh, 505.1 ± 52 |
|
| Dündar et al. [81] | 2010 | 25 | C | - | 8:00–10:00 | - | WM | RIA | - | 93 | - | dGh, 1280 ± 32.6; tGh, 4181 ± 456 |
| Yis et al. [103] | 2010 | 47 | M | 3 h fasting | 10:00–12:00 | 3–4 mo | EIA | <5, 14 | 80 | - | tGh, 800 ± 500, (200–2500) (range) |
|
| Karatas et al. [104] | 2011 | 46 | M | 2 h fasting, pre- and post-feed, aprotinin + 1N HCL | 9:00–10:00 | 1–3 mo, and 4–6 mo |
SM | RIA | - | - | - | tGh, pre, 288.9 ± 63.3; post, 198.72 (98.5–265.5); aGh, pre, 11.87 ± 2.54; post, 8.47 ± 1.60 median (min–max) |
| Savino et al. [105] | 2011 | 20 | M | before breakfast |
9:00 | 1–5 mo | RIA | 5, 7.6 | 93 | - | 828 ± 323 | |
| Cesur et al. [83] | 2012 | 25 | M | pre-feed, acidified by 1N HCL |
8:00–10:00 | 1 and 4 mo | SM | RIA | - | tGh, 93; aGH, 7.8 |
- | tGh, 1 mo, 3095.18 ± 1507.25 tGh, 4 mo, 2876.75 ± 1626.35 aGh, 1 mo, 1042.97 ± 147.74 aGh, 4 mo, 1659.59 ± 155.61 |
| Savino et al. [92] | 2012 | 40 | M | - | 8:00 | 2–3 mo | SM | RIA | 5, 7.6 | 93 | - | 526.4 (439.86) |
| Kon et al. [41] | 2014 | 103 | M | - | morning | 1, 2, 3 mo | SM | ELISA | 0.02, - | 20 | - | LWG, 1 mo, 0.77 (0.22); 3 mo, 8.24 (4.76) NWG, 1 mo, 7.52 (2.63); 2 mo, 5.06 (2.49); 3 mo, 0.71 (0.19) HWG, 1 mo, 2.32 (1.19); 2 mo, 6.52 (1.87); 3 mo, 3.05 (1.9); ng/mL |
| Khodabakhshi et al. [43] | 2015 | Ob, 40 NW, 40 |
M | 2 h after feed, fasting | 08:00–10:00 | 2–5 mo | SM | ELISA, tGh | - | - | - | Ob, 132 (130.75–136.25) NW, 137.5 (133–156) |
| Andreas et al. [46] | 2016 | 120 | T, M | no feed 1 h prior sampling, pre- and post-feed, protease inhibitor | 10:00–13:00 | 1 wk and 3 mo | SM | Multiplex assay (Bio-Rad) |
4, - | 1.2 | - | 1 wk, pre-feed, 123 (15.8); post-feed, 95.8 (16.9); 3 mo, pre-feed, 101.1 (11.5), post-feed, 59.3 (12.3); ng/mL |
| Slupecka-Ziemilska et al. [106] | 2017 | 40 | C | 2 h after meal, EDTA and aprotinin | 10:00–11:00 | 3 d | SM | RIA | 6, - | 84.7 | 90 | - |
| Young et al. [107] | 2017 | 48 | M | mid-feed | - |
2 wk, and 1, 2, 3, 4 mo |
SM | - | - | - | - | 2 wk, 510 ± 4111 2 mo, 268 ± 348 4 mo, 251 ± 283 |
| Yu et al. [57] | 2018 | 96 | C, M | pre- and post-feed, mature milk |
btw 8–9 on 3 d; btw 14–16 on 42 and 90 d |
3, 42, 90 d | SM | ELISA | <1.9, 7.7 | - | - | GDM (n = 48), 3 d, 124·43 (89.87–178.76); 42 d, 338.74 (189.98–432.95); 90 d, 104.62 (72.72–154.71); Healthy (n = 48), 3 d, 159.36 (122.62–234.33); 42 d, 337.60 (149.82–565.77); 90 d, 210.91 (147.25–381.88) |
| Larrosa Haro et al. [61] | 2019 | 131 | M | pre- and post-feed |
- | 8 and 16 wk | SM | ELISA | - | 30 | - | 8 wk, pre, 154.1 (75.1); post, 178.8 (88.1) 16 wk, pre, 162.4 (102.1); post, 210.6 (153.1) |
Data reported as mean ± SD or median (IQR) unless specified. aGh, acylated-ghrelin; btw, between; C, colostrum milk; % CV, coefficient variation percentage; d, day; dGh, deacylated-ghrelin; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Gh, ghrelin; HCL, hydrochloric acid; HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography; LOD, limit of detection; M, mature milk; mo, month; NW, normal weight; R%, recovery of analyte percentage; RIA, radioimmunoassay; T, transitional milk; tGh, total ghrelin; wk, week.