Table 4.
Studies examining human milk insulin.
| Author | Year | Sample Size (n) | Sample Type | Sampling | Time of the Day (h) | Time of Collection |
Preparation | Method | Intra, Inter Assay (%CV) | LOD (pmol/L) |
R (%) | Concentration (pmol/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shehadeh et al. [114] | 2003 | 90 | C | - | - | 3, 10 d | SM | RIA | 6.6, - | - | - | d 3: 300.6 ± 207.6, (42–1074) d 10: 241.2 ± 208.8 (72–1098) (range) |
| Ley et al. [82] | 2011 | 34 | M | pooled milk bank samples | - | 1–6 mo | SM | ECLIA | - | - | - | 162 ± 64.2 |
| Ley et al. [78] | 2012 | 170 | C, M | - | - | 2 d, 3 mo | SM | ECLIA | - | - | - | C, 170 (64,402); M, 52 (34,87) median (25th,75th percentile) |
| Fields and Demerath [36] | 2012 | 19 | M | pre-, mid- and post feed (pooled), 1.5 h after the last feed | 8–10 | 1 mo | SM | - | - | - | - | 954.9 ± 726.5 pg/mL |
| Whitmore et al. [111] | 2012 | 14 | M | pre- and post-feed | 24 h milk collection | 1–6 mo | SM | ELISA & CMIA | -, < 9 | CMIA, 9 ELISA, 0.8 Total ELISA, 34.2 |
CIMA, 100 ± 5 ELISA, 95 ± 4 Total ELISA, 97 ± 8 |
93.78 ± 6.18 |
| Andreas et al. [46] | 2016 | 120 | - |
no feeding 1 h prior sampling, pre- and post-feed, protease inhibitors | 10:00–13:00 | 1 wk, 3 mo | SM | Multiplex assay | 3, - | 1 | - | pre-feed, 1 wk, 515.4 (42.4); post-feed, 1 wk, 439.5 (45.2); pre-feed, 3 mo, 524.8 (30.9); post-feed, 3 mo, 456.8 (32.9) mean (SEM), ng/mL |
| Nunes et al. [54] | 2017 | 69 | C, M | - | - | 1, 2, 30 d | SM | ELISA | - | - | - | SGA, M (n = 12), 109.7 (84.7–156.9); GDM, M (n = 12), 158.3 (113.2–419.4); CTL, M (21), 153.5 (92.4–223.6); median (25–75th percentile) |
| Young et al. [107] | 2017 | 48 | M | mid-feed | ND | 2 wk, 1, 2, 3, 4 mo |
SM | RIA | - | - | - | 2 wk, 109.7 ± 104.2 2 mo, 136.1 ± 86.1 4 mo, 94.4 ± 61.1 |
| Fields et al. [51] | 2017 | 37 | M | complete feed | 8:00–10:00 | 1, 6 mo | SM | - | - | - | - | 1 mo, 6.5 ± 0.8; 6 mo, 6.0 ± 1.0 |
| Chan et al. [56] |
2018 | 430 | M | sample collected over 24 h and pooled | over 24 h, pooled together |
4 mo | SM | ELISA | 69 | 586 (340–1013), pg/mL |
||
| Young et al. [88] | 2018 | 41 | M | fasted, mid feed |
morning | 2 wk, 1, 2, 3, 4 mo |
SM | RIA | - | - | - | 2 wk, 93 ± 95.5; 1 mo, 185.4 ± 474; 2 mo, 88.2 ± 55.2; 3 mo, 87.6 ± 57.7; 4 mo, 81.6 ± 52.8 |
| Yu et al. [57] | 2018 | 96 | C, M | pre- and post-feed for mature milk | 3 d, 8:00–9:00 42, 90 d, 14:00–16:00 |
3, 42, 90 d | SM | ELISA | <4.1, 9.0 | 3 | GDM (n = 48), d 3, 136.8 (81–307.5); d 42, 194.2 (78.4–349.3); d 90, 243.9 (134.9–343.1); Healthy (n = 48), d 3, 122.5 (46.1–188.3); d 42, 169.2 (107.4–240.3; d 90, 147.7 (80.4–191.1) |
|
| Sadr Dadres et al. [58] | 2019 | 135 | M | 2 h after feed |
10:00–12:00 | 1 and 3 mo | SM | ELISA | <6, 6 | 1.44 | 88–115 | 1 mo, 178.2 ± 134.4 (26.4–699) 3 mo, 19.2 ± 4.2 (9–28.8) |
| Grunewald et al. [90] | 2019 | 367 | M | - | - | 16–163 d | SM | ELISA | 3.4, 11 | - | 92.3 ± 14.8 | 86.5 ± 56.9 |
| Schneider-Worthington et al. [64] | 2020 | 25 | M | - | - | 1 mo | SM | ELISA | 4.48, 13.56 | - | - | 60.06 (34.02) |
| Ellsworth et al. [115] | 2020 | 32 | M | 2 h after feed |
8:00–10:00 | 2 wk | SM | ELISA | - | - | - | NW, 100.6 ± 109.02 Ow/Ob, 204.86 ± 147.9 |
| Mank et al. [116] | 2021 | 32 | M | - | - | 1–10 mo | SM | CLIA | <6, - | - | 101–117 | (16–1431) (range) |
Data reported as mean ± SD or median (IQR) unless specified. C, colostrum milk; CTL, control; CV %, coefficient variation percentage; CLIA, chemiluminescent immunoassay; CMIA, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay ECLIA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; LOD, limit of detection; M, mature milk; mo, month; NW, normal weight; OW/Ob, with overweight/obesity; R%, recovery of analyte percentage; RIA, radioimmunoassay; wk, week.