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Classification and protection mechanisms of MDPs against CVD risk factors. MDPs (Humanin, SHLPs and MOTS-c) are hidden in mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA genes. MDPs are associated with CVD risk factors (atherosclerosis, ageing, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia). The main cardioprotective activities identified for MDPs are anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation, offering protection from OS and ER stresses.
