Table 2.

Identified connections between CVDs and MDPs.

CVD	MDP	The Way of Action	References
CMD	HN	HN level is decreased in CMD patients; HN is a biomarker of ED	[92]
	MOTS-c	MOTS-c level correlates with ED	[42]
Myocardial fibrosis	HNG	reduces apoptosis, collagen deposition in aged hearts, cardiac fibroblast proliferation and expression of MMP2, FGF2 and TGFB1; up-regulates AKT/GSK3B pathway	[94]
Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury	HNG	attenuates the heart mitochondrial dysfunction; decreases left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial infarct size and cardiac arrhythmia	[99,100]
		attenuates cardiac mitochondria swelling, depolarization and reduced ATP production; decreases mitochondrial complex I activity.	[101]
		protects brain mitochondria during AMI and MRI, reducing tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ accumulation and apoptosis	[102,103]
		inhibits platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, αIIbβ3 activation and adhesion under flow conditions; enhances tubulin acetylation and inhibits microtubule depolymerization	[105]