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. 2021 Aug 16;22(16):8800. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168800

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Astrocytes directly increased microglial proliferation: (A) the experimental scheme of microglial co-culture with astrocytes and treatment of ACM; (B) the BrdU-incorporation assay for the MG d14 co-cultured with astrocytes. Yellow arrowhead: Iba-1⁺BrdU⁺ cells; (C) the quantitative data of the percentage of BrdU⁺ cells under co-culture of astrocytes (n = 5); (D) quantitative data of the percentage of BrdU⁺ cells under treatment of ACM to MG d14 (n = 5). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, n = 3; scale bar = 100 μm.