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. 2021 Aug 16;22(16):8800. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168800

Figure 5.

Figure 5

M1 polarization of MG d14 induced by treatment with TNF-α and IFN-γ: (A) Bright field images of microglia cultured with TNF-α and IFN-γ; microglia cultured with TNF-α, IFN-γ, and SP; and microglia cultured with TNF-α, IFN-γ, SP, and RP67580 (RP, an NK1 receptor antagonist). (B) quantitative data for elongated processes of microglia under various cytokine treatments; (C,D) quantitative data for mRNA expression of TGF-β, IGF1, iNOS, and IL-1β at 3 h after treatment (C) and one day after treatment (D) (n = 3). Black line: 1x baseline of mRNA expression; (E) Quantitative data of NO production in various cytokine combinations at different time points (n = 3). Black line: 1x baseline of NO concentration; (F) the Western blot analysis of Bcl-xL, IκB, and BAD in microglia cultured with TNF-α, IFN-γ, SP, and RP67580; (G) quantitative data of Bcl-xL, IκB, and BAD expression (n = 3). Black line: 1x baseline of protein expression. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001; scale bar = 100 μm.