Table 1.
Comparison of psychological symptoms between different participant demographics/characteristics.
| Factor | Scorea, mean (SD) | |||||
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SRQb | IESc | BDId | |||
| Gender |
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Male | 5.29 (4.64)e | 23.57 (14.06)e | 9.17 (9.07)e | ||
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Female | 7.62 (5.05)e | 30.22 (14.16)e | 12.88 (10.05)e | ||
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Nonbinary | 9.98 (5.87)e | 34.18 (16.81)e | 18.58 (11.78)e | ||
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Not disclosed | 7.09 (5.32)e | 27.78 (15.80)e | 13.11 (10.61)e | ||
| Residence |
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Rural | 6.88 (5.08) | 28.07 (14.58) | 11.74 (9.60) | ||
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Urban | 7.08 (5.06) | 28.63 (14.43) | 12.04 (10.04) | ||
| Education |
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Compulsory | 7.05 (5.09)e | 27.64 (14.58)e | 12.56 (10.51)e | ||
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Advanced | 7.05 (5.07)e | 28.87 (14.42)e | 11.84 (9.81)e | ||
| Work status |
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Private employed | 6.35 (4.84)e | 26.54 (14.05)e | 10.30 (9.02)e | ||
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Public employed | 6.63 (5.17)e | 28.22 (14.71)e | 11.02 (9.56)e | ||
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Freelancer | 6.30 (4.81)e | 27.19 (14.42)e | 10.67 (9.32)e | ||
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Unemployed | 8.14 (5.26)e | 29.90 (15.07)e | 13.96 (11.12)e | ||
| Medical or health care professional |
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No | 7.09 (5.09)e | 28.61 (14.44) | 12.12 (10.04)e | ||
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Yes | 6.50 (4.87)e | 28.01 (14.89) | 10.76 (9.19)e | ||
| Remotely working from home |
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No | 6.63 (5.01)e | 27.60 (14.88)e | 11.70 (10.10)e | ||
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Yes | 7.25 (5.08)e | 29.04 (14.22)e | 12.15 (9.91)e | ||
| Opinion about employer response to COVID-19 |
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Not satisfied | 8.70 (5.22)e | 32.39 (15.24)e | 15.18 (11.31)e | ||
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Somewhat satisfied | 7.64 (5.01)e | 29.80 (14.18)e | 12.71 (9.76)e | ||
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Satisfied | 5.92 (4.83)e | 26.42 (14.15)e | 9.83 (8.99)e | ||
| Opinion about state response to COVID-19 |
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Not satisfied | 7.78 (5.14)e | 30.83 (14.76)e | 13.74 (10.66)e | ||
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Somewhat satisfied | 7.08 (4.96)e | 28.55 (13.88)e | 11.89 (9.42)e | ||
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Satisfied | 6.25 (5.00)e | 26.31 (14.48)e | 10.37 (9.61)e | ||
| Home isolation |
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Not isolated | 5.29 (4.58)e | 25.20 (14.68)e | 9.44 (9.01)e | ||
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Individual home isolation | 7.68 (5.37)e | 30.04 (15.15)e | 13.25 (10.58)e | ||
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Home isolation with family or partner | 7.14 (5.05)e | 28.70 (14.34)e | 12.10 (9.97)e | ||
| Presence of a pet at home |
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No pet at home | 6.81 (5.00)e | 27.92 (14.37)e | 11.55 (9.85)e | ||
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Pet at home | 7.48 (5.16)e | 29.74 (14.57)e | 12.85 (10.16)e | ||
| Interaction with family or friends |
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Less than usual | 7.57 (5.02)e | 29.77 (14.18)e | 12.62 (9.87)e | ||
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Minimal interaction | 7.34 (5.26)e | 28.69 (14.69)e | 12.74 (10.64)e | ||
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Like usual | 6.41 (4.89)e | 27.45 (14.38)e | 10.89 (9.42)e | ||
| Use of social media |
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Less than usual | 7.61 (5.37)e | 29.89 (16.06)e | 13.47 (11.42)e | ||
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Like usual | 5.56 (4.70)e | 25.28 (14.20)e | 10.17 (9.33)e | ||
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More than usual | 7.64 (5.07)e | 29.89 (14.22)e | 12.69 (10.03)e | ||
| Time dedicated to physical exercise |
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Less than 15 minutes | 7.70 (5.17)e | 29.33 (14.82)e | 13.22 (10.61)e | ||
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More than 15 minutes | 6.65 (4.90)e | 28.26 (13.91)e | 11.06 (9.04)e | ||
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More than 1 hour | 5.72 (4.75)e | 26.56 (14.30)e | 10.06 (9.27)e | ||
| Close person positive for COVID-19 |
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No | 6.97 (5.09)e | 28.25 (14.55)e | 12.00 (10.07) | ||
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Yes | 7.26 (5.02)e | 29.43 (14.16)e | 12.01 (9.71) | ||
| Close person died due to COVID-19 |
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No | 7.04 (5.08) | 28.53 (14.52) | 12.00 (9.99) | ||
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Yes | 7.07 (4.95) | 28.71 (13.67) | 11.76 (9.81) | ||
| Psychiatric condition |
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No psychiatric condition | 6.21 (4.70)e | 26.80 (13.88)e | 10.34 (8.83)e | ||
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No change in pre-existing psychiatric condition | 6.16 (4.31)e | 25.74 (13.14)e | 10.63 (8.53)e | ||
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Worsening of pre-existing psychiatric condition | 12.5 (4.12)e | 40.57 (12.84)e | 22.53 (10.75)e | ||
| Ability to share concerns with a health professional |
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No | 8.44 (5.16)e | 31.79 (14.46)e | 14.50 (10.74)e | ||
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Yes | 7.52 (5.11)e | 30.09 (14.87)e | 12.88 (10.35)e | ||
| Ability to share concerns with family or friends |
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No | 9.32 (5.69)e | 31.59 (16.29)e | 17.87 (13.25)e | ||
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Less than usual | 9.78 (4.99)e | 34.68 (14.23)e | 17.06 (10.60)e | ||
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Like usual | 5.95 (4.59)e | 26.37 (13.67)e | 9.78 (8.35)e | ||
| Previous exposure to a crisis |
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No | 7.05 (5.02) | 28.52 (14.21) | 11.99 (9.92) | ||
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Yes | 7.03 (5.20) | 28.79 (15.12) | 12.11 (10.15) | ||
| Previous exposure to traumatic experiences |
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No | 6.21 (4.75)e | 26.40 (14.05)e | 10.46 (9.07)e | ||
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Yes | 8.03 (5.30)e | 31.48 (14.80)e | 13.99 (10.87)e | ||
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Yes (before the age of 17 years) | 7.81 (5.10)e | 29.57 (13.87)e | 12.92 (10.04)e | ||
| Personality type |
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Extrovert | 6.36 (4.89)e | 27.49 (14.36)e | 10.42 (9.09)e | ||
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Introvert | 7.65 (5.16)e | 29.05 (14.42)e | 13.16 (10.45)e | ||
| Personality |
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Pessimist | 9.99 (4.98)e | 34.89 (14.46)e | 18.41 (11.23)e | ||
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Optimist | 5.57 (4.62)e | 25.81 (13.81)e | 8.86 (7.92)e | ||
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Realist | 7.33 (4.98)e | 28.86 (14.24)e | 12.61 (9.95)e | ||
| Prediction about COVID-19 outcome/resolution |
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It might be the end of the human race | 10.00 (5.42)e | 38.41 (16.48)e | 21.88 (13.85)e | ||
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It will resolve after many months or years | 7.81 (5.20)e | 30.62 (14.92)e | 13.64 (10.68)e | ||
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It will resolve in the summer but not within a month | 6.76 (4.93)e | 27.94 (13.93)e | 11.23 (9.41)e | ||
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It will resolve within a month | 6.36 (5.21)e | 26.63 (14.80)e | 10.62 (9.70)e | ||
| Self-opinion in the COVID-19 pandemic |
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It is not in my control at all | 10.11 (5.39)e | 34.77 (16.50)e | 18.65 (13.70)e | ||
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It is not in my control, but I can take precautions to protect myself | 7.83 (5.30)e | 30.39 (15.23)e | 13.45 (10.69)e | ||
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It is not in my control, but I can take precautions to protect myself and others | 6.77 (4.96)e | 28.03 (14.10)e | 11.48 (9.51)e | ||
aThe scores are divided according to different participant demographics/characteristics and compared through unadjusted Kruskal-Wallis tests.
bSRQ: Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20.
cIES: Impact of Event Scale.
dBDI: Beck Depression Inventory II.
eSignificant differences (P value threshold set to P<.017 after multiple comparison correction) in mean scores are indicated. Each association indicates a difference in categories reported in the column vertically.