Table 1. Studies using MSCs for retinal degenerative diseases.

BM-MSC: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; A-MSC: adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; RP: retinitis pigmentosa

Retinal Disease	Stem cells/ Route of administration	Result	Study
RP, cone-rod dystrophy	Autologous BM-MSC/ intravitreal	Phase 1, no severe safety issues	Siqueira et al. [40]
AMD, RP, retinal vascular occlusion	Autologous BM-MSC/ intravitreal	Phase 1, no severe safety issues	Park et al. [41]
Optic nerve diseases	Autologous BM-MSC/ retrobulbar, subtenons, intravitreal, intravenous	Improvement in visual function	Levy et al. [42]
RP	A-MSC/ subretinal	Minor ocular complicaions, no severe safety issues	Oner at al. [38]
Ischemic optic neuropathy	Autologous BM-MSC/ retrobulbar, subtenons, intravitreal, intravenous	Improvement in visual function	Weiss et al. [43]
RP	Autologous BM-MSC/ retrobulbar, subtenons, intravitreal, intravenous	Improvement in visual function	Weiss et al. [44]
RP	Umbilical cord- derived MSC/ suprachorodial	Improvements in visual acuity, electroretinography and visual field	Kahraman N. S. [45]
RP, inherited retinal dystrophy	Wharton’s jelly-derived MSC/ subtenons	Improvement in visual acuity and in outer retinal thickness	Oumlzmert et al. [46]