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. 2021 Aug 20;22(16):8990. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168990

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mitochondrial fission and fusion and their place in cellular processes. Mitochondria constantly undergo fission and fusion in a dynamic process. Fission is mediated by Drp-1 (dynamin-related protein 1) and Fis-1 (mitochondrial fission 1 protein). The key proteins of fusion are Mfn-1 (mitofusin-1), Mfn-2 (mitofusin-2) and Opa-1 (Optic Atrophy 1). Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disorders. Endothelial dysfunction-related proteins are iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), ICAM-1 (inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1) and vWF (von Willebrand factor). Nox-4 is a gene that encodes NADPH-oxidase 4, which, in turn, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ER, estrogen receptor; NEMP, nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein; NRF1, nuclear respiration factor-1; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha.