Table 1.
Association of adiponectin and asthma in epidemiological studies.
| Study | Type | Study Population | Directionality of Asthma—ADPN Relation | Main Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baltieri, L. et al., 2018 [106] | Longitudinal | 80 bariatric surgery patients with asthma |
↑ ADPN parallel to clinical status Association with clinical status and indirect relation with weight loss |
↑ ADPN in parallel with weight loss and clinical status improvement No lung function improvement after 1 year of follow-up. |
| van Huisstede, A. et al., 2015 [107] | Longitudinal | 27 bariatric surgery patients with asthma (BS + A) compared with 12 obese with asthma without bariatric intervention (NBS + A) |
In relation with weight loss |
↑ ADPN in BS + A and did not change in NBS + A after 1 year of follow-up |
| Sideleva, O. et al., 2012 [108] | Longitudinal | 11 obese women with asthma and 15 obese women without asthma bariatric intervention | No association with weight loss |
At baseline: APDN in visceral fat significantly lower in asthma After 12 months: (a) no modification in ADPN expression in SAT (b) no modification of AdipoR1, AdipoR2 and T-cadherin expression in bronchial epithelial cells (c) no significant difference in BAL ADPN (d) BAL ADPN not correlated with VAT ADPN |
| Leão da Silva, P. et al., 2012 [109] | Longitudinal | 84 asthmatic adolescents, follow-up 1 year after a weight loss intervention | ↑ ADPN parallel to clinical status Association with clinical status |
↑ ADPN and ADPN/leptin (A/L) ratio and improved asthma symptoms after moderate (8–14 kg) and massive (>14 kg) weight loss |
| Abd El-Kader, M.S., 2013 [110] | Longitudinal | 80 obese asthmatic children | Indirect relation with weight loss | ↑ ADPN in serum after weight loss in obese asthma (8 weeks of follow-up) |
| Tsaroucha, A. 2013 [111] | Longitudinal | 32 stable adult asthmatics, 37 asthmatics during exacerbation, 22 controls | Indirect relation with severity and exacerbations | ↓ ADPN in severe asthma ↓ ADPN during exacerbations |
| Mikalsen, I.B. et al., 2020 [112] | Cross-sectional | 384 adolescents with atopy | No association with sensitization or lung function | No association between ADPN and lung function and atopic sensitization |
| Huang, F. et al., 2017 [113] | Cross-sectional | 28 obese adolescents with asthma, 46 obese adolescents without asthma, 58 normal-weight adolescents with asthma and 63 healthy controls | Lower levels in obesity but no relation with lung function in asthmatics | ↓ HMW ADPN in obese subjects than the normal-weight subjects with or without asthma HMW ADPN not correlated with ↓ FEV1/FVC ratio |
| Grotta, M.B. et al., 2013 [114] | Cross-sectional | 16 asthmatic obese, 16 asthmatic non-obese, 5 non-asthmatic obese, 5 non-asthmatic non-obese | No differences in asthma and in obesity | Levels of ADPN did not significantly differ among these groups |
| Song, W.J. et al., 2012 [115] | Cross-sectional | 994 participants from the general population, age ≥65 y | No association with asthma | No association between asthma and serum ADPN levels |
| Barton, J.H. et al, 2016 [97] | Cross-sectional | HIV patients, 33 with asthma and 23 with COPD | Lower level in asthma compared to COPD | ↓ ADPN in asthma vs. COPD |
| Lu, Y. et al., 2016 [98] | Case–control | 79 asthma versus 69 controls | Lower ADPN in asthma | ↓ ADPN in asthma No direct interaction with BMI was checked, but the group with asthma had higher BMI |
| Capelo, A.V. et al., 2006 [99] | Cross-sectional | 83 asthma patients, women | Indirect relation with BMI in asthmatics | ADPN serum level inversely associated with BMI and SAT |
| Magrone, T. et al., 2014 [100] | Cross-sectional | 80 children: 17 non-asthmatics and non-obese, 19 obese, 28 obese asthmatics and 16 non-obese asthmatics | Lower ADPN in obese asthmatics | ↓ ADPN in serum in asthmatic obese compared to non-obese asthmatics and controls |
| Aydin, M. et al., 2013 [101] | Case–control | 45 asthmatic vs. 30 healthy controls | Lower ADPN in asthma | ↓ ADPN levels lower in asthma patients compared to controls |
| Jensen, M.E. et al., 2013 [102] | Case–control | 361 particpants: 74 obese asthma, 249 non-obese asthma, 9 obese control, 29 non-obese control children | Lower ADPN in obese asthmatics | ↓ ADPN in obese asthma versus non-obese controls No difference in ADPN between obese and non-obese asthma |
| Carpio, C. et al., 2016 [103] | Case–control | 25 asthma, 23 dyspnea perceived by patients as asthma (misdiagnosed), 27 controls | No significant relation | Higher (but not significantly) ADPN in asthma compared to control and misdiagnosed (self-reported) asthma |
| Ozde, C. et al., 2015 [104] | Case–control | 68 non-obese asthma children and 39 controls | Higher ADPN in asthmatics | ↑ ADPN in asthma compared to controls, associated with higher epicardial adipose tissue |
| Lu, Y. et al., 2015 [105] | Case–control | 70 asthmatics and 69 controls | Higher ADPN in asthmatics | ↑ ADPN in asthma (both obese and non-obese groups comparison) A positive association with asthma prevalence was observed for medium and high tertiles of ADPN |
| Matsumoto, Y. et al., 2013 [116] | Cross-sectional | 79 young adults (14 asthmatics/62 non-asthmatics), non-smokers | Lower HM W and LM W ADPN in asthmatics |
↓
MM
W
and LM
W
ADPN in asthmatics Differences in HM W ADPN were not significant Multivariate regression analysis of the MM W and LM W ADPN levels, asthma was found to be more significantly associated with the LM W ADPN level than age, waist circumference or HDL-C |
| Hayashikawa, Y. et al., 2015 [117] | Case–control | 61 asthmatics versus 175 controls | Higher LM W ADPN and lower MM W in asthmatics | Significantly ↑ LM W ADPN level and significantly ↓ MM W /total ADPN in asthmatics vs. controls after adjustments for confounding factors in both sexes |
| Ma, C. et al., 2019 [118] | Cross-sectional | 122 children with asthma | Lower ADPN in severe asthma | ↓ ADPN in severe asthma Asthma severity was positively correlated with BMI |
| Ceylan, E. et al., 2019 [119] | Case–control | 120 asthmatic patients (47 with comorbidities and 73 without comorbidities) + 35 healthy controls | No association |
No difference in ADPN in asthmatic and controls No difference in ADPN in asthmatics with or without comorbidities |
| Kalmarzi, R. et al., 2017 [120] | Cross-sectional | 90 asthmatic women | Leptin/ADPN levels correlated positively with asthma severity |
(a) No correlation between ADPN level with asthma severity and BMI (b) Serum leptin and leptin/ADPN levels correlated positively with asthma severity and BMI and correlated inversly with FEV1 and FVC |
| Zhang, X. et al., 2018 [121] | Cross-sectional | 108 asthmatic patients | No relation with obesity and asthma control | No relation between ADPN, obesity and asthma control |
| Ballantyne, D. et al., 2016 [122] | Case–control | 96 asthmatics and 46 controls | High resistin:ADPN ratio associated with severity | ↑ Resistin:ADPN ratio in asthma and in severe vs. mild-to-moderate asthma |
| Ding, Y. et al., 2015 [123] | Case–control | 120 asthmatics and 120 controls, adults | Low ADPN during exacerbations |
↓
ADPN in acute exacerbation A positive association between the rs1501299 SNP of the ADIPOQ gene and acute exacerbation |
| de Lima Azambuja, R. et al., 2015 [124] | Cross-sectional | 75 asthmatic patients (25 in each BMI category) |
Lower ADPN with increased BMI in asthmatics Indirect association of ADPN and lung function |
↓ ADPN serum level with increase in BMI Higher ADPN levels associated with lower FEV1 and FVC |
| Dogru, M. et al., 2015 [125] | Cross sectional | 82 non-obese asthmatic children and 28 controls | Lower ADPN in uncontrolled asthma |
ADPN levels in non-obese asthmatics were not different from controls ↓ ADPN associated with uncontrolled asthma |
| Newson, R.B. et al., 2014 [126] | Cross-sectional | 1370 patients: 532 with asthma only, 522 with chronic rhinosinusitis only, 316 with asthma and chronic sinusitis and 585 controls | Leptin/ADPN ratio positively associated with the severity of asthma | Leptin/ADPN ratio positively associated with the severity of asthma, especially in females |
| Biagioni, B.J. et al., 2014 [127] | Cross-sectional | 19 asthmatic patients | Increase in sputum ADPN after specific inhalation challenge with plicatic acid | ↑ sputum ADPN after plicatic acid challenge, particularly in non-obese |
| Sood, A. et al., 2014 [128] | Case–control | 44 asthmatics and 44 controls | Inverse relation of sputum ADPN with asthma | (a) Sputum total ADPN was not correlated with serum ADPN or BMI (b) ↓ Sputum total ADPN among asthmatics than controls (c) ↑ Sputum total ADPN associated with ↓ odds for asthma, even after adjustment for systemic adiposity measures including serum ADPN |
| Dorevitch, S. et al., 2013 [129] | Cross-sectional | 350 non-smoking adults and children | Direct relation with the total antioxidant capacity in exhaled breath | ADPN associated with total antioxidant capacity in exhaled breath |
ADPN = adiponectin; BS + A = bariatric surgery patients with asthma; NBS + A = non-bariatric surgery patients with asthma; BAL = broncho-alveolar lavage; VAT = visceral adipose tissue; SAT = subcutaneous adipose tissue; LMW ADPN = low molecular weight adiponectin; HMW adiponectin = high molecular weight adiponectin; MMW ADPN = medium molecular weight adiponectin; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC = forced vital capacity; BMI = body mass index. ↑= increase level; ↓= decrease level.