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S1 spike protein had no effect on endothelial cell viability. HPAEC were exposed to varying concentrations (5–25 nM) of S1 spike protein for 12 h. Cell viability was assessed by (A) trypan blue dye-exclusion method or by (B) a cytotoxicity assay based on lactate release. Values are expressed as percentage of live cells (n = 4).
