Figure 4.

The overview of calcium-dependent signaling cascades in ventricular cardiomyocytes and the beneficial effects of ARNI in modulating cardiac electrophysiology. (AC = adenylyl cyclase; ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; Ang II = angiotensin II; APD = action potential duration; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; CaM = calmodulin; CaMKII = calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CV = conduction velocity; DAG = diacyl glycerol; ERP = effective refractory period; GC = guanylyl cyclase; IL = interleukin; IP₃ = inositol trisphosphate; MyBP-C = myosin binding protein C; NEP = neprilysin; NFAT = nuclear factor of activated T-cells; NPR = natriuretic peptide receptor; PDE = phosphodiesterase; PIP₂ = phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PKA = protein kinase A; PKC = protein kinase C; PKG = protein kinase G; PLC = phospholipase C; Tn-I = troponin I; WoV = window of vulnerability).