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. 2021 Aug 23;22(16):9090. doi: 10.3390/ijms22169090

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Main regulatory pathways of stress adaptation. There are two major limbs of stress adaptation: (1) the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis originating from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, as well as (2) the sympatho–adrenomedullary system originating in the brainstem. Abbreviations: ACTH: adrenocorticotropin hormone, CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone, SPN: sympathetic preganglionic neurons. This figure was created in BioRender.