Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Takotsubo Syndrome Patients with or without Malignancy.
| Characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Malignancy | No Malignancy | p Value | |
| Number of admissions | 61,583 | 7542 (12.2) * | 54,041 (87.8) | |
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SE), y | 66.7 (0.1) | 70.6 (0.2) | 66.1 (0.1) | <0.001 † |
| Age ≥ 70 yrs | 27,109 (44.0) | 4328 (57.4) | 22,781 (42.2) | <0.001 ‡ |
| Female | 54,708 (88.8) | 6499 (86.2) | 48,209 (89.2) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | 21,834 (35.5) | 2864 (38.0) | 18,970 (35.1) | 0.005 |
| Hypertension | 40,597 (65.9) | 4900 (65.0) | 35,697 (66.1) | 0.350 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11,701 (19.0) | 1405 (18.6) | 10,296 (19.1) | 0.620 |
| Dyslipidemia | 26,830 (43.6) | 3102 (41.1) | 23,728 (43.9) | 0.014 |
| Known coronary artery disease | 25,910 (42.1) | 3495 (46.3) | 22,415 (41.5) | <0.001 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 3833 (6.2) | 444 (5.9) | 3389 (6.3) | 0.463 |
| Previous PCI | 2988 (4.9) | 341 (4.5) | 2647 (4.9) | 0.458 |
| Previous CABG | 933 (1.5) | 91 (1.2) | 842 (1.6) | 0.177 |
| Family history of coronary artery disease | 5249 (8.5) | 448 (5.9) | 4801 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 18,531 (30.1) | 2552 (33.8) | 15,979 (29.6) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4544 (7.4) | 608 (8.1) | 3936 (7.3) | 0.156 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 17,732 (28.8) | 2396 (31.8) | 15,336 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4862 (7.9) | 670 (8.9) | 4192 (7.8) | 0.075 |
| Liver disease | 1238 (2.0) | 116 (1.5) | 1122 (2.1) | 0.070 |
| Anemia | 9425 (15.3) | 1456 (19.3) | 7969 (14.7) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 8744 (14.2) | 1338 (17.7) | 7406 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 2699 (4.4) | 485 (6.4) | 2214 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Collagen vascular disease | 2683 (4.4) | 282 (3.7) | 2401 (4.4) | 0.117 |
| Fluid/electrolyte disorders | 18,576 (30.2) | 2658 (35.2) | 15,918 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 6554 (10.6) | 537 (7.1) | 6017 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Other neurological disorders | 5196 (8.4) | 599 (7.9) | 4597 (8.5) | 0.429 |
| Pulmonary circulatory disease | 1243 (2.0) | 252 (3.3) | 991 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Valvular heart disease | 1592 (2.6) | 296 (3.9) | 1296 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Median household income | <0.001 | |||
| First quartile | 16,024 (26.4) | 1739 (23.3) | 14,285 (26.8) | |
| Second quartile | 15,865 (26.1) | 1957 (26.2) | 13,908 (26.1) | |
| Third quartile | 14,949 (24.6) | 1816 (24.3) | 13,133 (24.7) | |
| Fourth quartile | 13,849 (22.8) | 1953 (26.2) | 11,896 (22.4) | |
| Primary payer | <0.001 | |||
| Medicare | 37,851 (61.5) | 5462 (72.4) | 32,389 (59.9) | |
| Medicaid | 4028 (6.5) | 389 (5.2) | 3639 (6.7) | |
| Private including HMO | 15,388 (25.0) | 1435 (19.0) | 13,953 (25.8) | |
| Self-pay/no charge/other | 4315 (7.0) | 256 (3.4) | 4059 (7.5) | |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Hospital teaching status | <0.001 | |||
| Teaching | 35,931 (58.3) | 4799 (63.6) | 31,132 (57.6) | |
| Nonteaching | 25,652 (41.7) | 2743 (36.4) | 22,909 (42.4) | |
| Hospital location | 0.149 | |||
| Rural | 212 (0.3) | 13 (0.2) | 199 (0.4) | |
| Urban | 61,371 (99.7) | 7529 (99.8) | 53,842 (99.6) | |
| Hospital bed size | 0.240 | |||
| Small | 4612 (7.5) | 503 (6.7) | 4109 (7.6) | |
| Medium | 13,769 (22.4) | 1643 (21.8) | 12,126 (22.4) | |
| Large | 43,203 (70.2) | 5396 (71.5) | 37,807 (70.0) | |
| Length of stay > 5 days | 18,588 (30.2 | 3134 (41.6) | 15,454(28.6) | <0.001 |
| Disposition | <0.001 | |||
| Home | 44,092 (71.6) | 4552 (60.4) | 39,540 (73.2) | |
| Facility § | 15,710 (25.5) | 2632 (34.9) | 13,078 (24.2) | |
| AMA/unknown | 1777 (2.9) | 358 (4.7) | 1419 (2.6) | |
| Mood disorders | 11,502 (18.7) | 11,354 (18.0) | 10,148 (18.8) | 0.378 |
| Substance abuse | 2676 (4.3) | 165 (2.2) | 2511 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Delirium/Dementia | 2667 (4.3) | 365 (4.8) | 2302 (4.3) | 0.213 |
| Personality disorder | 103 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 103 (0.2) | 0.061 |
| Acute decompensated heart failure | 10,571 (17.2) | 1472 (19.5) | 9099 (16.8) | 0.003 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 3564 (5.8) | 582 (7.7) | 2982 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac arrest | 1663 (2.7) | 221 (2.9) | 1442 (2.7) | 0.544 |
| Postop stroke (complication) | 792 (1.3) | 103 (1.4) | 689 (1.3) | 0.704 |
| Arrhythmia | 16,868 (27.4) | 2394 (31.7) | 14,474 (26.8) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; HMO, health maintenance organization; AMA, against medical advice. * Values are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. † Survey-specific linear regression was performed. ‡ Rao-Scott χ2 test was used for all statistical tests unless stated otherwise. § Facility includes skilled nursing facility, intermediate care facility, and inpatient rehabilitation facility.