Table 4.

Independent Predictors of Higher 30-Day Total Cost of Hospitalization in Patients with Takotsubo syndrome.

	Unadjusted				Adjusted *
Variables	Beta	Lower CI	Higher CI	p Value	Beta	Lower CI	Higher CI	p Value
Malignancy	0.093	0.078	0.108	<0.001	0.013	0.005	0.022	0.003
30-day readmission	0.327	0.312	0.341	<0.001	0.223	0.212	0.234	<0.001
Length of stay > 5 days	0.459	0.449	0.469	<0.001	0.31	0.301	0.318	<0.001
Age ≥ 70 yrs	0.033	0.023	0.042	<0.001	−0.026	−0.033	−0.018	<0.001
Female (Ref: male)	−0.109	−0.130	−0.089	<0.001	−0.048	−0.061	−0.036	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	0.041	0.029	0.052	<0.001	0.015	0.007	0.022	<0.001
Dyslipidemia	−0.070	−0.080	−0.061	<0.001	−0.014	−0.02	−0.008	<0.001
Previous PCI	−0.024	−0.043	−0.005	0.015	−0.02	−0.034	−0.006	0.005
Family history of CAD	−0.125	−0.138	−0.112	<0.001	−0.013	−0.024	−0.003	0.009
Congestive heart failure	0.184	0.173	0.194	<0.001	0.027	0.019	0.034	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	0.121	0.102	0..139	<0.001	0.028	0.016	0.04	<0.001
Chronic pulmonary disease	0.107	0.096	0.118	<0.001	0.019	0.012	0.026	<0.001
Chronic kidney disease	0.169	0.150	0.188	<0.001	0.03	0.017	0.044	<0.001
Chronic liver disease	0.200	0.157	0.242	<0.001	0.04	0.012	0.068	0.005
Anemia	0.217	0.203	0.231	<0.001	0.031	0.022	0.041	<0.001
Atrial fibrillation	0.140	0.124	0.156	<0.001	0.018	0.008	0.028	<0.001
Coagulopathy	0.339	0.309	0.368	<0.001	0.097	0.078	0.115	<0.001
Drug abuse	0.114	0.089	0.140	<0.001	0.027	0.01	0.043	0.001
Fluid/electrolyte disorders	0.257	0.246	0.269	<0.001	0.059	0.051	0.068	<0.001
Other neurological disorders	0.132	0.112	0.152	<0.001	0.027	0.014	0.04	<0.001
Pulmonary circulatory disease	0.407	0.369	0.444	<0.001	0.096	0.065	0.127	<0.001
Valvular heart disease	0.323	0.293	0.353	<0.001	0.06	0.038	0.083	<0.001
Cardiogenic shock	0.418	0.396	0.440	<0.001	0.122	0.102	0.142	<0.001
Cardiac arrest	0.403	0.372	0.434	<0.001	0.147	0.122	0.173	<0.001
Intraaortic balloon pump	0.415	0.383	0.448	<0.001	0.086	0.058	0.114	<0.001
Median household income (Ref: first quartile)
Second quartile	0.007	−0.008	0.023	0.339	0.027	0.018	0.036	<0.001
Third quartile	0.025	0.010	0.040	0.001	0.051	0.042	0.061	<0.001
Fourth quartile	0.037	0.022	0.053	<0.001	0.077	0.067	0.088	<0.001
Primary payer (Ref: medicare)
Medicaid	0.041	0.020	0.062	<0.001	0.033	0.019	0.047	<0.001
Private	−0.083	−0.094	−0.072	<0.001	−0.003	−0.011	0.006	0.506
Self-pay/no charge/others	−0.069	−0.087	−0.050	<0.001	−0.001	−0.014	0.012	0.897
Disposition (Ref: home)
Facility	0.316	0.304	0.327	<0.001	0.077	0.069	0.086	<0.001
AMA/unknown	0.346	0.311	0.380	<0.001	0.116	0.091	0.141	<0.001
Year (per year)	0.009	0.004	0.014	<0.001	0.006	−0.000	0.011	0.060

Abbreviations: TTS, Takotsubo syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CAD, coronary artery disease. * A survey-specific multivariate linear regression model was created with an outcome of log-transformed cumulative cost including all predictors with p values < 0.1 in the univariate analysis. Hospital ID was also included as a covariable for consideration of hospital fixed-year effect (insignificant contribution, not shown).