Table 1.
Changes in arterial stiffness and pulse wave velocity as a result of acute resistance training bout.
| Authors | Subjects | PWV Measurement |
Acute Resistance Training Bout and Duration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Intensity RT Bout (>80% 1RM) | ||||
| Barnes et al. (2010) [34] | N = 27 men, healthy, young | cfPWV | Eccentric RT bout: 1. Leg press (bilateral): 6 sets of 10 repetitions at 110% 2. Elbow flexion (unilateral): 2 sets of 20 unilateral eccentric elbow flexion contractions |
48 h after leg RT (p < 0.05) and arm RT ↑cfPWV (p < 0.05). |
| Lefferts et al. (2015) [40] | N = 20, healthy, recreationally active | cfPWV | 5 sets, 5 repetition of maximum bench press; 5 sets of 10 repetition maximum biceps curls | An acute high intensity RT had ↑AS and ↑extracranial pressure pulsatility. |
| Moderate Intensity RT_Bout (60–80% 1RM) | ||||
| DeVan et al. (2005) [33] | N = 16, mix, healthy, young | Beta stiffness index | 9 full body exercises, 75% 1RM | RT bout immediately and 30 min after had ↓carotid arterial compliance and ↑stiffness index. These values returned to baseline by 60 min. |
| Yoon et al. (2010) [35] | N = 13 healthy men | cfPWV | 8 full body exercises, 60% 1RM | An acute RT bout had ↑AS. These values returned to baseline by 20 min. |
| Nitzsche et al. (2016) [39] | N = 41, mix healthy, physically active | cfPWV | RT bout: Group 70% 1RM |
An acute moderate RT bout had ↓AS and ↓central and systolic BP. |
| Kingsley et al. (2017) [38] | N = 13, mix, healthy, recreationally resistance trained | cfPWV | Free-weight RT: 75% 1RM, 3 sets, 10 repetitions |
An acute RT bout had ↑augmentation index and ↑AS without significantly altering aortic BP. |
| Tomschi et al. (2018) [36] | N = 20 healthy women | cfPWV | A. Upper body B. Lower body 12 repetitions with 70% 1RM |
The adaptation pattern of the measured PWV as a measure of AS parameters in upper body RT bout compared to lower body RT bout is similar, and all parameters regulate to their baseline values within 60 min. |
| Parks et al. (2020) [42] | N = 32, young, healthy individuals | cfPWV | Free-weight RT bout VS weight machines RT bout: 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1RM |
An acute free-weight and weight-machine RT bout are associated with transient ↑pulse wave reflection and ↑AS. |
| Rodríguez-Perez et al. (2020) [41] |
N = 32, physically active, normotensive, and experienced with RT |
cfPWV | 3 sets at 75% 1RM, bench press and squat Group 1: high-effort Group 2: low-effort |
Both training groups immediately after acute RT bout reported ↑AS and ↑BP while BP and AS returned to baseline levels 5 min and 24 h after completing the RT bout. |
| Low Intensity RT Bout (<60% 1RM) | ||||
| Okamoto et al. (2014) [37] | N = 10, mix, healthy | Beta stiffness index | bench press, 40% of 1RM, 3 sets | Carotid arterial compliance and the β-stiffness index significantly ↑ and ↓, respectively (both p < 0.05), at 30 and 60 min after the acute low intensity RT bout. |
| Nitzsche et al. (2016) [39] | N = 41, mix healthy, physically active | cfPWV | Squats, bench press, rowing with the barbell, biceps curl with the SZ curl bar, lying triceps extensions with the SZ curl bar 1. Group—3 sets at 30% 1RM, 30 repetitions 2. Group—3 sets at 50% 1RM, 20 repetitions 3. Group—4 sets, 70% 1RM, 10 repetitions |
An acute moderate RT bout had ↑AS and ↓central systolic BP. |
AS arterial stiffness, BP blood pressure, cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, PWV pulse wave velocity, RM repetition maximum, RT resistance training.