Table 1:
Demographic Characteristics of Study Sample
| N (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroups | TD (N=856; 94.07%) |
ASD (N=37; 4.07%) |
LD-DD (N=17, 1.87%) |
| Age in months | |||
| Mean (SD) | 20.72 (3.32)a | 23.86 (3.79)a | 22.12 (3.46) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 437 (51.05%)ab | 9 (24.32%)a | 3 (17.64%)b |
| Male | 419 (48.95%)ab | 28 (75.68%)a | 14 (82.35%)b |
| Race | |||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 25 (2.92%) | 3 (8.11%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Asian | 29 (3.39%) | 1 (2.70%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Black or African American | 140 (16.36%) | 5 (13.51%) | 6 (35.29%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| White/Caucasian | 520 (60.75%) | 17 (45.94%) | 7 (41.18%) |
| More Than One Race | 88 (10.28%) | 7 (18.92%) | 1 (5.88%) |
| Other | 49 (5.84%) | 4 (10.81%) | 2 (11.76%) |
| Unknown/Not Reported | 5 (0.58%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (5.88%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic/Latino | 134 (15.65%)a | 12 (32.43%)a | 5 (29.41%) |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 717 (83.76%)a | 25 (67.58%)a | 12 (70.59%) |
| Unknown/Not Reported | 5 (0.58%)a | 0 (0.00%)a | 0 (0.00%) |
| Highest Level of Education | |||
| Without High School Diploma | 33 (3.86%)ab | 3 (8.11%)a | 3 (17.65%)b |
| High School Diploma or Equivalent | 56 (6.54%)ab | 5 (13.51%)a | 6 (35.29%)b |
| Some College Education | 148 (17.29%)ab | 13 (35.14%)a | 2 (11.76%)b |
| 4-Year College Degree or More | 589 (68.81%)ab | 16 (43.24%)a | 5 (29.41%)b |
| Unknown/Not Reported | 30 (3.40%)ab | 0 (0.00%)a | 1 (5.88%)b |
| M-CHAT-R/F Result | |||
| Positive | 1 (0.12%)ab | 29 (78.38%)ac | 7 (41.18%)bc |
| Negative | 855 (99.88%)ab | 6 (16.22%)ac | 9 (52.94%)bc |
| Missing | 0 (0.00%)ab | 2 (5.41%)ac | 1 (5.88%)bc |
| Clinical Variables | Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD (N=37) |
LD-DD (N=17) |
|
| ADOS-2 Toddler Module | ||
| Calibrated Severity Score | 7.67 (1.68)c | 3.9 (1.6)c |
| Mullen Scales of Early Learning | ||
| Early Learning Composite Score | 63.00 (10.13)c | 74.05 (15.71)c |
| Expressive Language T-Score | 27.41 (6.82)c | 36.06 (11.21)c |
| Receptive Language T-Score | 22.51 (4.35)c | 32.06 (14.05)c |
| Fine Motor T-Score | 34.35 (10.59)c | 38.35 (5.93)c |
| Visual Reception T-Score | 33.43 (10.83) | 37.29 (12.28) |
TD: Typical development; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; LD-DD: Language delay and/or developmental delay M-CHAT-R/F: Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up Questions
ADOS-2: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Second Edition
a
Significant difference between typical and ASD groups
b
Significant difference between typical and LD-DD groups
c
Significant difference between ASD and LD-DD groups (P’s < .05