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density of resin, kg/m3
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density of fiber, kg/m3
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density of composite, kg/m3
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thermal conductivity of resin, W/(m·°C) |
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thermal conductivity of the fiber in the transverse direction, W/(m·°C) |
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thermal conductivity of the fiber in the longitudinal direction, W/(m·°C) |
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thermal conductivity in the cross-sectional plane, W/(m·°C) |
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instantaneous temperature, °C |
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temperature-dependent heat capacity of resin, J/(kg·°C) |
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heat capacity of the fiber, J/(kg·°C) |
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temperature-dependent heat capacity of a composite, J/(kg·°C) |
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time, sec |
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heat released due to the exothermic reaction in polymer matrix, kJ |
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coordinates of a cross-section of the composite profile, mm |
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coordinate of a composite cross-section along the pulling direction of pultrusion, mm |
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convective heat transfer coefficient between the die block and the profile, W/(m2·°C) |
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convective heat transfer coefficient between the ambient air and the profile after the die block exit, W/(m2·°C) |
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resin degree of cure |
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resin curing rate, 1/s |
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pre-exponential coefficient, 1/s |
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activation energy, kJ/mol |
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universal gas constant, J/(mol·°C) |
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order of reaction |
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activation constant |
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total heat released, kJ/kg |
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temperature of material at the die block entrance, °C |
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temperature at the die block, °C |
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temperature at the first zone of the die block, °C |
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temperature at the second zone of the die block, °C |
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temperature at the third zone of the die block, °C |
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temperature at the fourth zone of the die block, °C |
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temperature at the fifth zone of the die block, °C |
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temperature at the die block exit, °C |
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ambient temperature, °C |
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instantaneous glass transition temperature, °C |
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glass transition temperature of uncured resin, °C |
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glass transition temperature of fully cured resin, °C |
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difference between the instantaneous glass transition temperature and the instantaneous temperature of the resin, °C |
, , , , ,
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critical temperatures, °C |
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instantaneous Young’s modulus of the resin, MPa |
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Young’s modulus of resin at , MPa |
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Young’s modulus of resin at , MPa |
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Young’s modulus of resin at , MPa |
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Young’s modulus of resin at , MPa |
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Young’s modulus of resin at , MPa |
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Young’s modulus of resin at , MPa |
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instantaneous bulk modulus of resin, MPa |
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bulk modulus of resin at , MPa |
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bulk modulus of resin at , MPa |
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instantaneous Poisson’s ratio of resin |
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Poisson’s ratio of resin at
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coefficient of thermal expansion of resin at , 1/°C |
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coefficient of thermal expansion of resin at , 1/°C |
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Young’s modulus of glass fiber reinforcement, MPa |
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Poisson’s ratio of glass fiber reinforcement |
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coefficient of thermal expansion of glass fiber reinforcement, 1/°C |
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pulling speed, mm/min |
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volume fraction of fabric layer reinforcement |
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volume fraction of unidirectional layer reinforcement |
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total volumetric chemical shrinkage, % |
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resin cure degree corresponding to the gelation |
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material constant in Equation (10) |
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die block length, m |
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spring-in angle, ° |
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thickness of the strips, mm |
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size of the L-shaped profile legs, mm |