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. 2021 Aug 16;13(16):2748. doi: 10.3390/polym13162748
ρr density of resin, kg/m3
ρf density of fiber, kg/m3
ρcomp density of composite, kg/m3
kr thermal conductivity of resin, W/(m·°C)
kf_trans thermal conductivity of the fiber in the transverse direction, W/(m·°C)
kf_long thermal conductivity of the fiber in the longitudinal direction, W/(m·°C)
kcomp thermal conductivity in the cross-sectional plane, W/(m·°C)
T instantaneous temperature, °C
Cp_r(T) temperature-dependent heat capacity of resin, J/(kg·°C)
Cp_f heat capacity of the fiber, J/(kg·°C)
Cp_comp(T) temperature-dependent heat capacity of a composite, J/(kg·°C)
t time, sec
q heat released due to the exothermic reaction in polymer matrix, kJ
x, y coordinates of a cross-section of the composite profile, mm
z coordinate of a composite cross-section along the pulling direction of pultrusion, mm
hdie convective heat transfer coefficient between the die block and the profile, W/(m2·°C)
hair convective heat transfer coefficient between the ambient air and the profile after the die block exit, W/(m2·°C)
α resin degree of cure
dα/dt resin curing rate, 1/s
A0 pre-exponential coefficient, 1/s
Ea activation energy, kJ/mol
R universal gas constant, J/(mol·°C)
n order of reaction
Kcat activation constant
Htot total heat released, kJ/kg
Tin temperature of material at the die block entrance, °C
Tdie temperature at the die block, °C
T1 temperature at the first zone of the die block, °C
T2 temperature at the second zone of the die block, °C
T3 temperature at the third zone of the die block, °C
T4 temperature at the fourth zone of the die block, °C
T5 temperature at the fifth zone of the die block, °C
T6 temperature at the die block exit, °C
Tamb ambient temperature, °C
Tg(α) instantaneous glass transition temperature, °C
Tg0 glass transition temperature of uncured resin, °C
Tg glass transition temperature of fully cured resin, °C
T* difference between the instantaneous glass transition temperature and the instantaneous temperature of the resin, °C
Tc1, Tc2, Tc3, Tc4, Tc5, Tc6 critical temperatures, °C
Er instantaneous Young’s modulus of the resin, MPa
Er0 Young’s modulus of resin at Tc1=30.8 °C, MPa
Er1 Young’s modulus of resin at Tc2=0.7 °C, MPa
Er2 Young’s modulus of resin at Tc3=18.4 °C, MPa
Er3 Young’s modulus of resin at Tc4=30.5 °C, MPa
Er4 Young’s modulus of resin at Tc5=62.6 °C, MPa
Er Young’s modulus of resin at Tc6=95.1 °C, MPa
Kr(Er) instantaneous bulk modulus of resin, MPa
Kr bulk modulus of resin at T=25.3 °C, MPa
Kr0 bulk modulus of resin at T=Tg, MPa
νr(Er) instantaneous Poisson’s ratio of resin
νr Poisson’s ratio of resin at T=25.3 °C
αr coefficient of thermal expansion of resin at T<Tg, 1/°C
αr0 coefficient of thermal expansion of resin at TTg, 1/°C
Ef Young’s modulus of glass fiber reinforcement, MPa
νf Poisson’s ratio of glass fiber reinforcement
αf coefficient of thermal expansion of glass fiber reinforcement, 1/°C
u pulling speed, mm/min
Vf_1 volume fraction of fabric layer reinforcement
Vf_2 volume fraction of unidirectional layer reinforcement
ΔV total volumetric chemical shrinkage, %
αgel resin cure degree corresponding to the gelation
λ material constant in Equation (10)
Ldie die block length, m
φ spring-in angle, °
ts thickness of the strips, mm
Lw size of the L-shaped profile legs, mm