Table 4.
Inhibitory activity of the monofloral honeys, tested at 5.71 μL/mL and 11.42 μL/mL, on the adhesive capacity by five pathogenic bacteria. Results are expressed as percentage (average ± SD) and calculated assuming for the control (untreated bacteria) an inhibition value = zero. Legend: ca: cardoon honey; fir: fir honey; ivy: ivy honey; rhod: rhododendron honey; sul: sulla honey; sw: strawberry tree honey; th: tree of heaven honey. AB: A. baumannii; EC: E. coli; LM: L. monocytogenes; PS: P. aeruginosa; SA: S. aureus. MTT: data of the inhibitory action exhibited by the honey on bacterial metabolism, evaluated through the MTT test; CV: data of the inhibitory action exhibited by the honeys on the biofilm, evaluated through the Cristal violet assay.
| MTT | CV | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AB | EC | LM | PS | SA | AB | EC | LM | PS | SA | |
| ca | 2.83 | 8.88 | 50.93 | 0 | 50.22 | 0 | 54.95 | 50.97 | 21.30 | 36.68 |
| 5.71 μL/mL | (±0.18) | (±1.53) | (±0.80) | (±0) | (±1.52) | (±0) | (±1.35) | (±0.66) | (±1.89) | (±0.75) |
| ca | 44.97 | 43.48 | 53.73 | 15.73 | 55.21 | 19.95 | 52.20 | 68.05 | 37.30 | 55.14 |
| 11.42 μL/mL | (±1.25) | (±1.19) | (±1.52) | (±1.31) | (±2.71) | (±1.99) | (±5.45) | (±2.36) | (±0.80) | (±0.90) |
| fir | 3.76 | 0 | 44.37 | 0 | 40.29 | 31.50 | 30.52 | 58.13 | 46.59 | 51.29 |
| 5.71 μL/mL | (±1.04) | (±0) | (±2.40) | (±0) | (±1.69) | (±1.77) | (±1.70) | (±0.77) | (±0.83) | (±1.73) |
| fir | 40.53 | 49.16 | 60.98 | 41.37 | 56.81 | 33.69 | 43.06 | 68.30 | 54.85 | 58.97 |
| 11.42 μL/mL | (±2.43) | (±2.30) | (±3.10) | (±2.15) | (±1.03) | (±2.61) | (±1.54) | (±0.01) | (±1.79) | (±2.17) |
| ivy | 0 | 0 | 34.65 | 0 | 47.18 | 22.33 | 13.97 | 52.07 | 26.00 | 32.97 |
| 5.71 μL/mL | (±0) | (±0) | (±1.49) | (±0) | (±0.83) | (±4.58) | (±2.16) | (±1.20) | (±1.52) | (±1.22) |
| ivy | 0 | 0 | 55.86 | 0 | 49.81 | 32.80 | 40.99 | 70.34 | 41.22 | 51.76 |
| 11.42 μL/mL | (±0) | (±0) | (±0.86) | (±0) | (±0.83) | (±2.59) | (±0.62) | (±0.72) | (±2.81) | (±0.54) |
| rhod | 0 | 0 | 13.25 | 0 | 38.65 | 49.83 | 47.92 | 36.56 | 31.60 | 24.98 |
| 5.71 μL/mL | (±0) | (±0) | (±1.50) | (±0) | (±1.05) | (±1.25) | (±0.64) | (±1.35) | (±0.53) | (±0.66) |
| rhod | 7.16 | 0.11 | 28.30 | 0 | 47.71 | 51.67 | 66.63 | 44.30 | 36.67 | 27.54 |
| 11.42 μL/mL | (±1.51) | (±0.02) | (±1.18) | (±0) | (±1.00) | (±2.50) | (±0.19) | (±1.65) | (±0.75) | (±0.51) |
| sul | 0 | 7.47 | 40.49 | 0 | 37.15 | 44.35 | 55.41 | 50.85 | 47.42 | 44.77 |
| 5.71 μL/mL | (±0) | (±1.38) | (±0.70) | (±0) | (±0.14) | (±3.05) | (±0.88) | (±0.89) | (±0.85) | (±1.24) |
| sul | 13.48 | 22.19 | 42.37 | 0.57 | 45.38 | 51.77 | 66.24 | 71.57 | 52.74 | 49.19 |
| 11.42 μL/mL | (±2.27) | (±2.41) | (±0.39) | (±0.09) | (±1.10) | (±1.20) | (±1.50) | (±0.45) | (±0.70) | (±0.71) |
| sw | 0 | 0 | 40.66 | 0 | 32.87 | 0 | 55.78 | 35.71 | 0 | 40.31 |
| 5.71 μL/mL | (±0) | (±0) | (±1.35) | (±0) | (±2.31) | (±0) | (±2.88) | (±0.79) | (±0) | (±1.18) |
| sw | 2.18 | 7.76 | 42.52 | 0 | 39.82 | 8.42 | 56.64 | 47.47 | 18.91 | 43.81 |
| 11.42 μL/mL | (±0.94) | (±3.60) | (±0.56) | (±0) | (±1.17) | (±1.96) | (±1.00) | (±0.85) | (±1.54) | (±2.95) |
| th | 0 | 4.46 | 28.27 | 0 | 37.50 | 33.52 | 59.39 | 64.33 | 34.81 | 79.46 |
| 5.71 μL/mL | (±0) | (±1.07) | (±0.91) | (±0) | (±1.04) | (±1.51) | (±1.49) | (±0.40) | (±1.27) | (±0.61) |
| th | 23.37 | 25.52 | 46.78 | 0 | 44.42 | 34.87 | 73.66 | 69.49 | 61.56 | 84.27 |
| 11.42 μL/mL | (±1.23) | (±1.43) | (±0.96) | (±0) | (±0.81) | (±2.30) | (±1.96) | (±0.85) | (±1.73) | (±1.18) |