Table 3.

Examples of honey electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds, obtention methods and main findings.

	Composition		Crosslinking of Fibres			Findings
Nanofibrous Honey Scaffold	Honey	Material	Method	Conditions		Wound Healing Properties	Characteristics	References
Honey/PVA/ Chitosan
High concentration honey chitosan electrospun nanofibers (HP-chitosan)	Honey (20–40%)	chitosan (1.5% to 5.5%), PVA.	Chemical crosslink Physical crosslink-heating and freeze/thawing	GA vapors heating (under vacuum in an oven, up to 110°/up to 24 h) and freezing (in liquid nitrogen)/thawing (at room temperature.	In vitro	HP–chitosan; (30%:7%:3.5%) enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus (complete inhibition after 48 h with 30%:7%:5.5 %), poor antibacterial activity against E. coli.	HP–chitosan (30%:7%:3.5%) upon aging for more than 2 days acquired the optimum viscosity required for easy spinning and formation of uniform nanofiber. Effective biocompatible wound dressing.	[108]
Honey /PVA/chitosan nanofibers	Honey (10–30%)	chitosan (3.5%), PVA (7%), acetic acid (1%).	Chemical crosslink Heating	GA vapors 40 °C	In vitro	Enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus over the Gram-negative E.coli	Increase in fiber diameter; Large pore diameter reaching 140 μm (10, 30% honey); Degradation decreased with crosslinking of the fibre mats.	[109]
Honey-PVA-chitosan nanofibers green wound dressing (bio-compatible apitherapeutic nanofibers international patent (2006.01)	Honey (25–50%)	PVA, chitosan (1.5–11%) bee venom, propolis, garlic (2–30%), bacteriophage			In vitro	Honey-PVA-chitosan nanofibers loaded with bee venom/bacteriophage exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains and achieved nearly complete killing of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonase aeruginosa. Enhanced wound healing and improved biocompatibility		[110,111]
Honey/PVA
Honey, pomegranate peel extract and bee venomnanofibrous wound dressing	Manuka honey (MH) (10–25%), lyophilized multiflora honey powder (25 %)	PVA (up to 12%), bee venom (BV, 0.01%), methanolic pomegranate peel extract (PPP, up to 2.5%).	Chemical crosslink Heating	25% GH vapours in a vacuum oven at 40 °C/24 h	In vivo	MH/PPP/BV/PVA (25%/2.5%/0.01%/9.7%) close resemblance to normal skin at day 10;	No cytotoxic (100 % viability, tested on L929 fibroblast cells)	[112]
					In vitro	effective inhibition of bacterial growth for S. aureus and E. coli.
PVA/honey nanofibers	Iran-Tabriz honey (up to 40%)	PVA, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (anti-inflammatory drug loaded up to 15%)	Only electro-spinning				Decreased diameter of electrospun fibers caused by increasing honey concentration.	[104]
PVA/honey nanofibrous scaffolds (with low honey concentration for internal tissue regeneration)	Dabur honey (India) (0.2–1% w/v)	PVA 12% (w/v)	Chemical crosslink	GA vapours (2 M) for 24 h.	In vitro	Drastically reduced biofilm Nanofiber membranes with 0.5% honey loading can be suggested as optimum concentration	Minimal weight loss of fibers for 10 days.	[113]
PVA–DES–honey nanofibers	Acacia honey (China) (5%, w/v)	PVA (8%, w/v), DES (5%, w/v)	Only electro-spinning		In vitro	Possess excellent antimicrobial activity (E. coli, S. aureus) total bacterial reduction of 37.0% and 37.9% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, after 6 hour incubation in bacterial cultures; excellent cytocompatibility, non-toxic	The nanofiber materials dissolved rapidly in artificial saliva solutions, suggesting potential use of materials for fast-dissolving drug delivery in oral cavities	[114]
					In vivo	PVA–DES–honey nanofibers accelerated the wound healing process, and improved the wound healing rate on rat skin to 85.2% after 6 days of surgery, when compared to the control PVA (68.2%) and PVA–DES (76.3%) nanofibe
Honey/PICT
PICT/honey nanofibrous	Pakistan forest honey (10–20%)	PICT					Good elastic behavior and tensile strength (PICT/honey nanofibers containing 15% honey); good releasing efficiency, complete release of honey in 15 min, the maximum release in 10 min (72 mg/L, 56% of honey).	[115]
Honey/silk fibroin
Honey-silk fibroin (SF) electrospun scaffold	Medical grade Manuka honey (Melita) (5% of 5 and 20 UMF)	Lyophilized SF (5%)			In vitro	Tissue engineered scaffold could be incorporated with MH of any UMF, resulting in the same bactericidal outcome	No significant difference in porosity, bacterial clearance and adhesion, glucose release, or proliferation of cells as effected by the incorporation of 5 versus 20 UMF MH.	[116]
MH/SF composite fibrous matrices manufactured by green electrospinning	Manuka honey (UMF 5+) 0, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%	SF 20% (wt/v) and 2% (wt/v) PEO			In vivo	The addition of MH improved the wound healing rate of the SF fibrous matrices; wound treated with MH (70%)/SF showed a similar healing effect as the AquacelAg dressing.	Excellent biocompatibility m (incorporation of MH could further improve the affinity of SF fibrous matrices for cells)	[117]
					In vitro	Increase in the bacterial inhibition efficacy with increasing the content of MH.
Honey/PCL
Manuka honey-PCL nanofiber scaffolds	1, 5, 10, and 20% v/v Manuka honey solutions	15 wt% of PCL (Polycaprolactone)				Honey scaffolds demonstrated significant clearance in only the Gram-negative E. coli	Lower elasticity and strength with honey incorporation, but showed no notable change in material degradation rate with the presence of honey over a 28 day PBS soak.	[118]