| BMP | bone morphogenic protein |
| ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
| FGF-23 | fibroblast growth factor-23 |
| Runx2 | RUNX family transcription factor 2 |
| PDK4 | pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 |
| MGP | matrix Gla protein |
| VSMC | vascular smooth muscle cell |
| BMP-2 | bone morphogenetic protein-2 |
| GGCX | gamma-glutamyl carboxylase |
| VKOR | vitamin K epoxide reductase |
| KH2 | vitamin KH2 |
| KO | vitamin KO |
| Fam20C | family with sequence similarity 20, member C |
| dp-cMGP | dephosphorylated-carboxylated MGP |
| dp-ucMGP | dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP |
| ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
| HR | hazard ratio |
| RR | relative risk |
| CHD | coronary heart disease |
| CKD | chronic kidney disease |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| CVM | cardiovascular mortality |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| eGFR | glomerular filtration rate estimated from serum creatinine |
| HF | heart failure |
| BMI | body mass index |