Table 1.

Routine and optional investigations in children with obesity and other possible cardiovascular risk. HDL—high-density lipoprotein, LDL—low-density lipoprotein, TSH—thyroid-stimulating hormone, HbA1c—glycosylated hemoglobin, ECG—electrocardiogram [72].

Investigations	Routine	Optional + Research Level
Laboratory work-up	Blood count, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, urinalysis, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, markers of liver damage, apolipoprotein A1 and B, lipoprotein(a), urate, homocysteine, cystatin C, TSH, blood sugar, HbA1c and vitamin D; 24-h urine sampling for proteinuria; Albumin/creatinine in morning void sample.	Second-level investigations, e.g., to exclude secondary causes of hypertension, hormonal disorders, etc.; Genetic markers; Novel biomarkers of obesity, chronic kidney disease, etc.
Imaging	Abdominal ultrasound; Intima-media thickness; Heart ultrasound; Fundoscopic examination by an ophthalmologist.	Elastography (liver and kidney).
Functional diagnostics	ECG; 24-h blood-pressure measurement; Oral glucose tolerance test with insulin levels; Pulse wave velocity; Measurement of body composition.