Table 1.
Patient characteristics and laboratory results in development, validation, and follow-up cohorts.
| Development Cohort (N/n = 57,185/104,823) |
Validation Cohort (N/n = 1539/2190) |
Follow-Up Cohort (N/n = 3293/3293) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | <0.001 | |||
| OPD/HEC | 56,511 (53.9%) | 2190 (100.0%) | 3293 (100.0%) | |
| IPD/EMR | 48,312 (46.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Gender (Male) | 59182 (56.5%) | 1124 (51.3%) | 1746 (53.0%) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 60.9 ± 17.1 | 56.0 ± 14.8 | 58.8 ± 15.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 6.0 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136.0 ± 27.9 | 130.3 ± 25.0 | 134.4 ± 26.7 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.3 ± 17.1 | 79.3 ± 14.8 | 79.5 ± 15.4 | 0.752 |
| Disease history | ||||
| DM | 50,176 (47.9%) | 984 (44.9%) | 1949 (59.2%) | <0.001 |
| HTN | 42,116 (40.2%) | 846 (38.6%) | 1773 (53.8%) | <0.001 |
| HLP | 41,117 (39.2%) | 880 (40.2%) | 1767 (53.7%) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 34,246 (32.7%) | 438 (20.0%) | 862 (26.2%) | <0.001 |
| STK | 13,893 (13.3%) | 216 (9.9%) | 430 (13.1%) | <0.001 |
| CAD | 24,474 (23.3%) | 508 (23.2%) | 1059 (32.2%) | <0.001 |
| HF | 6693 (6.4%) | 119 (5.4%) | 256 (7.8%) | 0.001 |
| AF | 4983 (4.8%) | 70 (3.2%) | 125 (3.8%) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 13,555 (12.9%) | 239 (10.9%) | 595 (18.1%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory test | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| GLU (mg/dL) | 119.1 ± 49.3 | 115.5 ± 43.9 | 123.2 ± 49.1 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 81.6 ± 36.2 | 89.2 ± 27.1 | 84.5 ± 30.3 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 22.1 ± 19.6 | 16.5 ± 9.7 | 18.8 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 137.8 ± 4.8 | 139.0 ± 3.8 | 138.5 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Cl (mEq/L) | 103.3 ± 5.0 | 103.8 ± 3.7 | 103.5 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Ca (mg/dL) | 9.0 ± 0.7 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Mg (meq/L) | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 0.122 |
| Alb (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.8 ± 5.5 | 1.4 ± 3.3 | 1.8 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
| WBC (103/uL) | 8.3 ± 5.1 | 7.0 ± 4.7 | 7.4 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
| PLT (103/uL) | 235.4 ± 81.3 | 237.3 ± 68.1 | 234.9 ± 71.7 | 0.504 |
| Hb (mg/dL) | 13.1 ± 2.3 | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 13.5 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 35.9 ± 119.8 | 22.3 ± 15.8 | 25.0 ± 21.8 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 31.8 ± 103.2 | 22.5 ± 17.0 | 25.0 ± 25.6 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 136.6 ± 131.0 | 137.5 ± 104.7 | 145.7 ± 157.9 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 172.0 ± 48.8 | 179.4 ± 38.3 | 178.5 ± 41.7 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 102.9 ± 37.5 | 108.2 ± 33.4 | 107.4 ± 34.9 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 46.7 ± 15.2 | 49.4 ± 13.6 | 48.5 ± 14.0 | <0.001 |
N = number of patient; n = number of ECG.